{"id":6869,"date":"2023-07-10T11:18:34","date_gmt":"2023-07-10T11:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/rapport-de-synthese"},"modified":"2024-04-23T05:30:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-23T05:30:11","slug":"rapport-de-synthese","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/rapport-de-synthese","title":{"rendered":"Rapport de synth\u00e8se"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6869\" class=\"elementor elementor-6869 elementor-625\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#E4EBEE\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21_Dehesa_ES_CsabaCenteri.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da3717 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9da3717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e56e640 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e56e640\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f079bb1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f079bb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sur l'enseignement et la formation professionnels pour les praticiens de la transhumance<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6569f9e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6569f9e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4ad5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4ad5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ffdfe elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74ffdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/home\">Accueil<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fecf7f elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fecf7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-358edc5 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"358edc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rapport de synth\u00e8se<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c16f19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c16f19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428bc21 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"428bc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/transfarm_final_summaryreport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31768a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d31768a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b66af3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b66af3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3764953 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3764953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:70,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:55,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#FFFFFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea95914 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ea95914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContenu\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ea95914\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54933f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54933f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9d9c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9d9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc63f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc63f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8198872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8198872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le projet TRANSFARM (Formation professionnelle pour les praticiens de la transhumance), financ\u00e9 par le programme de financement ERASMUS+, vise \u00e0 renforcer les capacit\u00e9s des praticiens de la transhumance et des entrepreneurs ruraux qui souhaitent lancer ou maintenir des pratiques de transhumance et \u00e0 leur fournir du mat\u00e9riel de formation. Le projet a \u00e9galement pour but de sensibiliser \u00e0 la transhumance en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur ses avantages pour le d\u00e9veloppement rural, la gestion des paysages et la biodiversit\u00e9. Le projet TRANSFARM a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en d\u00e9cembre 2021 et s&rsquo;ach\u00e8vera en mai 2024. Il est compos\u00e9 de sept partenaires r\u00e9partis dans plusieurs pays europ\u00e9ens : l&rsquo;Institut de recherche sur les paysages agricoles europ\u00e9ens, Eucaland, (Allemagne), Hof und Leben (Allemagne), OnProjects (Espagne), l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 technique de Zvolen (Slovaquie), l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Aristote de Thessalonique (Gr\u00e8ce), l&rsquo;Organisation europ\u00e9enne des propri\u00e9taires fonciers (Belgique) et l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 norv\u00e9gienne des sciences de la vie (Norv\u00e8ge), cette derni\u00e8re assurant la coordination du projet. En outre, le projet compte trois partenaires associ\u00e9s : Le Centre polonais de conseil et de formation agricole, l&rsquo;Institut norv\u00e9gien de bio\u00e9conomie et VetAgroSup (France).   <\/p>\n<p>Pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme transhumant dans le cadre du projet TRANSFARM, le b\u00e9tail doit \u00eatre accompagn\u00e9 de personnes. Pour distinguer les diff\u00e9rents types de pratiques de transhumance, des caract\u00e9ristiques telles que l&rsquo;\u00e9tendue, la distance et la direction des d\u00e9placements en altitude ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es. Par exemple, la transhumance verticale a lieu entre les plaines et les vall\u00e9es de montagne et les alpages de haute altitude, comme on peut l&rsquo;observer dans les Alpes et en Scandinavie. La transhumance horizontale fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un mouvement continu du b\u00e9tail sans grandes diff\u00e9rences d&rsquo;altitude.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28f4b7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28f4b7d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5393b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5393b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cD\u00e9placement saisonnier du b\u00e9tail sur de longues distances entre des p\u00e2turages fixes situ\u00e9s \u00e0 des distances variables de la ferme permanente\u201d\n<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e2b2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63e2b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9finition de la transhumance (pour la d\u00e9finition des termes, voir le glossaire sur le site web de Transfarm).<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa10616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa10616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cependant, d&rsquo;un point de vue europ\u00e9en, la transhumance englobe un large \u00e9ventail de pratiques. Ainsi, la gestion des paysages est devenue l&rsquo;un des principaux objectifs de la transhumance, et l&rsquo;utilisation croissante de moyens de transport modernes et d&rsquo;outils technologiques (par exemple, la technologie sans cl\u00f4ture gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des colliers munis d&rsquo;\u00e9metteurs GPS) a totalement diversifi\u00e9 les pratiques de transhumance. En outre, des transitions vers de nouvelles pratiques sont en cours, comprenant le d\u00e9placement du b\u00e9tail entre les p\u00e2turages ainsi que des personnes qui s&rsquo;en occupent ; cependant, le degr\u00e9 de surveillance du b\u00e9tail par l\u2019\u0153il humain a tendance \u00e0 diminuer en raison des progr\u00e8s technologiques. Dans le cadre de l&rsquo;une des premi\u00e8res \u00e9tapes du projet TRANSFARM, les partenaires ont compil\u00e9, dans des rapports nationaux, une vue d&rsquo;ensemble de la situation actuelle de la transhumance dans leurs pays respectifs : France, Allemagne, Gr\u00e8ce, Hongrie, Italie, Pays Bas (y compris la Belgique et les Pays-Bas), Norv\u00e8ge, Slovaquie et Espagne. Ces rapports d\u00e9taill\u00e9s sont disponibles sur le <a href=\"\">site web du projet<\/a>.    <\/p>\n<p>En compl\u00e9ment des rapports nationaux, ce rapport de synth\u00e8se rassemble les informations des rapports dans une vue d&rsquo;ensemble au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res nationales, dans le but de pr\u00e9senter l&rsquo;\u00e9tat des pratiques de transhumance \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle continentale, par opposition \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle nationale. Les informations pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans ce rapport suivent une structure similaire \u00e0 celle des diff\u00e9rents rapports nationaux et r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de questions convenues par les partenaires du projet afin de garantir la coh\u00e9rence d\u2019ensemble. Les sujets couverts comprennent l&rsquo;\u00e9tendue actuelle de la transhumance et la sensibilisation \u00e0 ce sujet, les offres de formation ainsi que les d\u00e9fis pour les praticiens de la transhumance. Ce rapport de synth\u00e8se fournit des informations sur la transhumance sous une forme tr\u00e8s condens\u00e9e. Les lecteurs int\u00e9ress\u00e9s sont pri\u00e9s de se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 la section \u00ab\u00a0Litt\u00e9rature et ressources suppl\u00e9mentaires\u00a0\u00bb et aux rapports nationaux pour plus d&rsquo;informations sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 chaque pays. En outre, des encadr\u00e9s seront ajout\u00e9s \u00e0 la version en ligne de ce rapport de synth\u00e8se pour fournir encore plus d&rsquo;informations suppl\u00e9mentaires.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2980ea2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2980ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:409,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContenu\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b161f25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b161f25\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-261eb03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"261eb03\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5f8a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5f8a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les zones actuelles de transhumance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81867b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e81867b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La transhumance est actuellement pratiqu\u00e9e dans tous les pays du projet, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception des Pays Bas, qui ne seront donc plus consid\u00e9r\u00e9s dans la suite du rapport.<\/p>\n<p>Les p\u00e2turages d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 (o\u00f9 le b\u00e9tail pa\u00eet) sont situ\u00e9s dans les zones montagneuses ainsi que dans d&rsquo;autres zones de production de cultures marginales (par exemple, les marais salants et les landes), tandis que les p\u00e2turages d&rsquo;hiver sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement situ\u00e9s dans les basses terres.<\/p>\n<p>Plus r\u00e9cemment, les zones urbaines et p\u00e9riurbaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es pour la transhumance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e0b930 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e0b930\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7193520 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"7193520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:500,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-15-111536.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7193520\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 1. Ampleur actuelle de la transhumance en Europe dans les pays consid\u00e9r\u00e9s dans le projet. Actuellement, aucune transhumance n\u2019est pratiqu\u00e9e en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDEwNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvU2NyZWVuc2hvdC0yMDI0LTAyLTE1LTExMTUzNi5wbmciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3MTkzNTIwIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-15-111536.png\" data-width=\"1155\" data-height=\"820\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c58f685 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c58f685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Ampleur actuelle de la transhumance en Europe dans les pays consid\u00e9r\u00e9s dans le projet. Actuellement, aucune transhumance n&rsquo;est pratiqu\u00e9e en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d73036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d73036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Transhumance urbaine<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La transhumance urbaine (ou \u00e9co-pastoralisme) comprend le p\u00e2turage du b\u00e9tail dans les zones urbaines et p\u00e9riurbaines. En France, cette mani\u00e8re de g\u00e9rer les espaces verts urbains dans le respect de l&rsquo;environnement est de plus en plus utilis\u00e9e par les collectivit\u00e9s mais aussi les entreprises, par exemple en r\u00e9gion parisienne. La transhumance urbaine soutient la sensibilisation car elle am\u00e8ne la transhumance &#8211; qui se produit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans des zones rurales et souvent recul\u00e9es &#8211; dans des zones dens\u00e9ment peupl\u00e9es.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab6451 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cab6451\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"history\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c7573b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c7573b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d53e2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d53e2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Histoire<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7bc3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a7bc3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans les pays partenaires d&rsquo;Europe centrale et m\u00e9ridionale, la pratique de la transhumance a commenc\u00e9 d\u00e8s le n\u00e9olithique, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque o\u00f9 l&rsquo;agriculture a vu le jour. En revanche, en Slovaquie et en Hongrie, la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite pour la premi\u00e8re fois au Moyen ge. Tout au long de l&rsquo;histoire, la transhumance a augment\u00e9 et diminu\u00e9 en fonction des \u00e9v\u00e9nements propres \u00e0 chaque pays et \u00e0 chaque r\u00e9gion. Cependant, ce qui r\u00e9unit tous les pays, c&rsquo;est la tendance actuelle \u00e0 la baisse des pratiques de transhumance \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e8re moderne.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc70b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-dyncontel-template\" data-id=\"cc70b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"dyncontel-template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"6615\" class=\"elementor elementor-6615 dce-elementor-rendering-id-1 elementor-797\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b75927c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b75927c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-advanced-background-color=\"#648A00\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d688c e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"41d688c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;enable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"69036172\" aria-label=\"Onglets. Ouvrez des \u00e9l\u00e9ments avec Entrer ou Espace, fermez-les avec Echape et naviguez \u00e0 l&#039;aide des touches fl\u00e9ch\u00e9es.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361721\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361721\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tGr\u00e8ce\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361722\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361722\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tItalie\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361723\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361723\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFrance\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361724\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361724\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tEspagne\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361725\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361725\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tNorv\u00e8ge\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361726\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361726\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSlovaquie\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-690361727\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-690361727\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 7;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tHongrie\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361721\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361721\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-83b468e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"83b468e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38868ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"38868ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>6500 \u2013 3200 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">La transhumance remonte au N\u00e9olithique<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>3200 - 1200 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer*<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1200 \u2013 800 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">*\u00e9galement appel\u00e9 \u00e2ge sombre grec<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Antiquit\u00e9 classique<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>800 av. J.-C. - 324<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Des \u00e9crivains comme H\u00e9rodote, Aristote et Eschyle mentionnent la transhumance dans leurs \u00e9crits (vers 500 - 300 av. J.-C.)<br \/>\n<br \/>\nP\u00e9riode romaine : (146 - 330 apr\u00e8s J.-C.) : cr\u00e9ation de vastes parcours et d\u00e9veloppement de la transhumance ; D\u00e9couragement de l'\u00e9levage arable d\u00fb aux crises politiques<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>324 \u2013 1453<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">De vastes parcours cr\u00e9\u00e9s et la transhumance est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>P\u00e9riode ottomane<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1453 \u2013 1821<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Le syst\u00e8me d'\u00e9levage nomade a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et la cr\u00e9ation de \"Tsiflikia\"<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Au cours du 20e si\u00e8cle<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Prairies transform\u00e9es en champs, perte de parcours, notamment d'hiver<br \/>\n<br \/>\nGuerre gr\u00e9co-turque (1919-1922) : Recrutement des pratiquants de la transhumance<br \/>\n<br \/>\nApr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale : d\u00e9clin de la transhumance due aux migrations internes et externes<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">R\u00e9cemment, il y a eu une diminution du nombre de fermes mais une augmentation du nombre d'animaux par ferme.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361722\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361722\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-20eabb3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"20eabb3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5791ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"e5791ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>6000 \u2013 2300 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Les preuves arch\u00e9ologiques de la transhumance dans le nord de l'Italie remontent \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge pr\u00e9historique (c'est-\u00e0-dire avant que les sources \u00e9crites ne soient disponibles)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>2300 - 950 av. J.-C<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>950 \u2013 753 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Rome antique<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>753 av. J.-C. - 476<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">La transhumance pratiqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque romaine dans le sud et le nord de l'Italie<br \/>\n<br \/>\nPreuve de la pratique de la transhumance de 500 \u00e0 300 avant J.-C. dans le centre et le sud de l'Italie<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>111 av. J.-C. : Lex agraria (loi agraire) :<\/strong> r\u00e9glemente l'utilisation des p\u00e2turages publics et des routes o\u00f9 le b\u00e9tail \u00e9tait transport\u00e9<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>476 \u2013 1492<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Depuis les ann\u00e9es 1100 :<\/strong> la transhumance et les activit\u00e9s connexes jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans les d\u00e9cisions politiques et \u00e9conomiques en Italie du Nord<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1330 :<\/strong> Les coutumes de la transhumance r\u00e9glement\u00e9es par les statuts locaux sont \u00e9crites<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1447 :<\/strong> \u00ab Douane royale du transport des moutons \u00bb : Transforme progressivement une activit\u00e9 de subsistance en une production orient\u00e9e vers le march\u00e9 dans le sud de l'Italie<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1492 -<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>1809 :<\/strong> nouvelle loi de Napol\u00e9on, la \"Coutume royale du transport des moutons\"<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1820 :<\/strong> Editto delle chiudende (acte de cl\u00f4ture) en Sardaigne<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1856 :<\/strong> Abolition de l'ancien droit de libre p\u00e2turage dans les champs priv\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9colte en Italie du Nord<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1865 :<\/strong> Privatisation des terres publiques utilis\u00e9es pour la transhumance - \u00e0 l'exception des abris et des routes de transhumance - dans le sud de l'Italie<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>D\u00e9clin de la transhumance :<\/strong> d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1900, le nombre de moutons et de bergers r\u00e9duit de pr\u00e8s des deux tiers par rapport aux ann\u00e9es 1700 dans le sud de l'Italie<br \/>\nDepuis les ann\u00e9es 1950 environ, forte baisse de tous les types de transhumance<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAugmentation r\u00e9cente du nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance dans certaines r\u00e9gions<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361723\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361723\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-dcc3cc3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dcc3cc3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a0931 elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"b4a0931\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>6000 \u2013 2200 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Il y a 7000 ans :<\/strong> Existence d'une forme de transhumance dans les Alpes du Sud document\u00e9e par des d\u00e9couvertes arch\u00e9ologiques<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>Il y a 5000 ans :<\/strong> Mouvement saisonnier entre plaines et montagnes dans les Alpes et la Provence<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>2200 - 800 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>800 - 100 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Romain Gayl <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>100 avant J.-C. - 476 apr\u00e8s J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>476 - 1453<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Depuis le 12e si\u00e8cle :<\/strong> Transhumance ovine des p\u00e2turages d'altitude vers les plaines document\u00e9e (Massif Central &amp; Vosges)<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>13e si\u00e8cle :<\/strong> De grands monast\u00e8res (par exemple \u00e0 Marseille) conduisent leur b\u00e9tail des plaines aux montagnes<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>Depuis le 14e si\u00e8cle jusqu'au 19e si\u00e8cle :<\/strong> Tous les grands troupeaux de moutons du sud de la France impliqu\u00e9s dans la transhumance<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1492 -<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Au XIXe si\u00e8cle : La transhumance ovine atteint son apog\u00e9e mais d\u00e9cline apr\u00e8s 1850 ; baisse du prix de la laine, augmentation de la demande de viande due \u00e0 l'urbanisation, \u00e9volution de la production de viande et forte baisse de la production ovine<br \/>\n<br \/>\nTroupeau ovin fran\u00e7ais au minimum en 1950, nouvelle baisse depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361724\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361724\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-5951a26 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5951a26\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00b7baf elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"00b7baf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>6000 \u2013 2300 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Les restes de moutons constituent la principale <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0244139\">preuve arch\u00e9ozoologique<\/a> de la pr\u00e9sence de groupes humains du N\u00e9olithique ancien sur les hauts plateaux des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es m\u00e9ridionales, estim\u00e9s \u00e0 environ 7300 ans<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>2300 - 800 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><br \/>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cvz\/2697\">La transhumance consiste principalement en de petits mouvements de b\u00e9tail entre les montagnes et les vall\u00e9es au sein d'un m\u00eame territoire<\/a><br \/>\n        <\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>800 av. J.-C. - 218 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Grande importance de l'\u00e9levage pour les peuples pr\u00e9-romains de la p\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique profonde, en particulier en ce qui concerne les groupes Meseta, tels que les Vetons et les Vacc\u00e9ens<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Hispanie romaine<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>218 av. J.-C. - 410<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Populations principalement situ\u00e9es dans les villages sauf ceux de Baetica et Levante; \u00e9levage bovin concentr\u00e9 dans les agglom\u00e9rations<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAllusions \u00e0 la richesse bovine du plateau p\u00e9ninsulaire (en Lusitanie et en Celtib\u00e9rie)<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLes preuves historiques de la transhumance sont rares et ambigu\u00ebs ; cependant, certaines sources signalent des cas de villes d\u00e9tenant des terres dans des zones \u00e9minemment pastorales et la pr\u00e9sence continue d'\u00e9migrants de certaines zones en zone de p\u00e2turage compl\u00e9mentaire<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLes sources classiques - notamment Tite-Live - sont ouvertes \u00e0 une interpr\u00e9tation \u00abpastorale\u00bb<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>410 - 1492<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>410 Lex Visigothorum ( <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cvz\/2692#ftn72\">loi wisigothique<\/a> ) :<\/strong> garantit le libre transit des troupeaux et des animaux sur les voies publiques et \u00e9tablit une proc\u00e9dure de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des b\u00eates perdues qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent pour ce qui deviendrait \u00e0 l'avenir la Mesta.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n711 <a href=\"https:\/\/digital.csic.es\/handle\/10261\/194654\">Conqu\u00eate musulmane<\/a> : Utilisation tr\u00e8s centr\u00e9e sur les moutons.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLa transhumance est maintenue avec les structures pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. L'am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique est produite par la population berb\u00e8re ; la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.solienses.com\/archivos\/biblioteca\/dehesaytrashumancia.pdf\">race m\u00e9rinos appara\u00eet<\/a>. <br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>Reconquista (722-1492) :<\/strong> interrompt certains mouvements transfrontaliers<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1273 :<\/strong> Le roi de Castille cr\u00e9e une association professionnelle d'\u00e9leveurs de m\u00e9rinos<br \/>\n<br \/>\nL'\u00e9levage de moutons m\u00e9rinos est le plus important \u00e0 la fin du Moyen ge et \u00e0 l'\u00e8re moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1492 - 1814<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">L'\u00e9levage de moutons m\u00e9rinos est le plus important \u00e0 la fin du Moyen ge et \u00e0 l'\u00e8re moderne<br \/>\n<br \/>\n1500 : jusqu'\u00e0 5 millions de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail voyageaient le long des routes de transhumance<br \/>\n<br \/>\n1760 : lev\u00e9e de l\u2019interdiction d'exporter des moutons m\u00e9rinos<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c9poque contemporaine<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1814 - pr\u00e9sent<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Fin des ann\u00e9es 1800 :<\/strong> des lignes de chemin de fer reliant le sud et le nord sont construites et le b\u00e9tail est transport\u00e9 par train<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLes voies de transhumance deviennent inutilisables<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLes p\u00e2turages d'hiver sont utilis\u00e9s jusqu'\u00e0 la mi-juin \u00e0 la fin juin au lieu du d\u00e9but ou de la mi-mai, cela peut avoir entra\u00een\u00e9 un surp\u00e2turage<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale :<\/strong> les nouvelles fibres affectant la rentabilit\u00e9 de la production de laine, l'industrialisation et l'exode rural font de la transhumance une activit\u00e9 marginale<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361725\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361725\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-47c146c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47c146c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3581aee elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"3581aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>4000 - 1800 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>N\u00e9olithique tardif (2400 - 1800 av. J.-C.) :<\/strong> premi\u00e8res traces d'utilisation pastorale des zones de montagne mais aucune preuve pour d\u00e9terminer si cela est li\u00e9 \u00e0 l'agriculture saisonni\u00e8re<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1800 - 500 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Mise en place de l'agriculture saisonni\u00e8re,peut-\u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 avant l'\u00e2ge du fer<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>500 av. J.-C. \u2013 1050<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">Mise en place d'une agriculture saisonni\u00e8re<br \/>\n<br \/>\nExpansion \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque viking (800 - 1050)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1050 - 1537<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">L'expansion au d\u00e9but du Moyen \u00c2ge<br \/>\n<br \/>\n1300 : peste noire, retrait de l'agriculture, abandon de l'agriculture saisonni\u00e8re<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1537 -  <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">1500s, 1600s, 1700s : Nouvelle expansion ; les fermes saisonni\u00e8res pourraient \u00eatre reconverties en fermes permanentes<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLe plus grand nombre de fermes saisonni\u00e8res en activit\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1850<br \/>\n<br \/>\nL'agriculture saisonni\u00e8re en d\u00e9clin apr\u00e8s 1850<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361726\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361726\" data-tab-index=\"6\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-3219d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3219d48\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59445eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"59445eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>5000 \u2013 1900 avant J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1900 av. J.-C. - 700 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>700 av. J.-C. - 0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque romaine <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>100 \u2013 400<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyen \u00c2ge<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>400 - 1500<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Pendant la f\u00e9odalit\u00e9 (800-1850) :<\/strong> Des fermes communes sont \u00e9tablies et un syst\u00e8me de p\u00e2turage collectif<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1200 :<\/strong> la transhumance a commenc\u00e9 avec la colonisation valaque<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1400-1800 :<\/strong> Transhumance intensivement pratiqu\u00e9e<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1500 -<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>Fin des ann\u00e9es 1800 :<\/strong> l'\u00e9levage ovin a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9cliner ; jusqu'en 1920, le nombre de moutons a diminu\u00e9 de 80%<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>1935 :<\/strong> Relance de l'\u00e9levage ovin avec la cr\u00e9ation de l'Institut national du mouton et de la laine<br \/>\n<br \/>\nForte baisse du nombre de moutons et de la transhumance dans les ann\u00e9es <strong>1950<\/strong>, apr\u00e8s deux guerres mondiales et les r\u00e9formes du communisme<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>2021 :<\/strong> Le nombre de moutons a diminu\u00e9 de moiti\u00e9 depuis 1990<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-690361727\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-690361727\" data-tab-index=\"7\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 7;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-bd51f7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bd51f7a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f1ec7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"1f1ec7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;timeline_timeline_rowspace_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts dce-dynamic-posts-collection  dce-timeline js-dce-timeline dce-timeline-container dce-skin-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-timeline-wrapper dce-wrapper-timeline\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>N\u00e9olithique <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>6000 \u2013 3000 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du bronze <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>3000 - 900 av. J.-C.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c2ge du Fer <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>900 av. J.-C. - 100<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>\u00c9poque romaine<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>100 \u2013 476<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Moyens \u00c2ges <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>476 - 1500<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\">1363 Transhumance mentionn\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois, mouvement entre la Transylvanie et la Valachie, mais la transhumance n'\u00e9tait pas r\u00e9pandue<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__block\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__img dce-timeline__img--picture\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-timeline__content\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092\"><div>Epoque Moderne<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872\"><div>1500 -<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dce-item dce-item_custommeta elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><div class=\"dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta dce-post-custommeta\"><div class=\"dce-meta-item dce-meta-1b7d092 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-1b7d092 dce-meta-item dce-meta-7d19872 dce-meta-text elementor-repeater-item-7d19872 dce-meta-item dce-meta-b26d70d dce-meta-textarea elementor-repeater-item-b26d70d\"><strong>17e si\u00e8cle :<\/strong> Essor de la transhumance ; Montagnes des Carpates orientales utilis\u00e9es comme p\u00e2turages d'\u00e9t\u00e9, p\u00e2turages d'hiver dans le Banat, le long des rivi\u00e8res de Moldavie ou rarement dans les basses terres hongroises.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nApr\u00e8s 1718, les principales zones de p\u00e2turages d'hiver sont devenues la Dobroudja, la plaine de B\u0103r\u0103gan, la vall\u00e9e de Prut et Seret ;<br \/>\n<br \/>\nSeconde moiti\u00e9 du 17e si\u00e8cle, les troupeaux de moutons de Transylvanie passent l'hiver \u00e0 l'est ou au sud des Carpates<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>19e si\u00e8cle:<\/strong> La transhumance est devenue difficile en raison du changement de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des montagnes transcapathiennes, du nombre croissant de colonies, en 1864 avec la r\u00e9forme agraire roumaine, la r\u00e9gulation du fleuve Danube et le boom c\u00e9r\u00e9alier de la Valachie<br \/>\n<br \/>\nEn 1884, encore 615000 moutons paissant les Carpates.<br \/>\nLa guerre douani\u00e8re austro-hongroise-roumaine (1886 - 1891) a mis fin \u00e0 la forme traditionnelle de transhumance des peuples de Transylvanie<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<strong>Jusqu'au d\u00e9but du 20e si\u00e8cle :<\/strong> les p\u00e2turages d'hiver pour la transhumance de plaine disparaissent du fait de la r\u00e9gulation des cours d'eau et du morcellement des champs ; les estives ont exist\u00e9 entre 1880 et 1960<br \/>\n<br \/>\nLa gestion du paysage comme objectif important de la transhumance<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dec9a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3dec9a0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2deec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee2deec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-156d123 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"156d123\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le betail<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f028379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f028379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les types de b\u00e9tail les plus couramment utilis\u00e9s pour la transhumance dans les pays partenaires du projet qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s sont les ovins, les caprins et les bovins.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une moindre mesure, les chevaux et les buffles ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s comme \u00e9tant impliqu\u00e9s dans la transhumance.<\/p>\n<p>Dans certains pays, des animaux d&rsquo;accompagnement sont utilis\u00e9s pour le transport (\u00e2nes) et la protection (chiens). <\/p>\n<p>Dans plusieurs pays, des races r\u00e9gionales et locales sont utilis\u00e9es pour la transhumance (figure 2). \u00c0 long terme, cela permet de maintenir une diversit\u00e9 de races diff\u00e9rentes. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb03945 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb03945\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14fae45 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"14fae45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:500,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:500,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"14fae45\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 2. Types de races de b\u00e9tail locales et r\u00e9gionales utilis\u00e9es pour les pratiques de transhumance en Europe\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDExMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTIuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMTRmYWU0NSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-2.jpg\" data-width=\"2353\" data-height=\"2238\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aa0a48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aa0a48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Types de races de b\u00e9tail locales et r\u00e9gionales utilis\u00e9es pour les pratiques de transhumance en Europe ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/figures\/major-mountain-ranges-of-europe-1\">fonds de carte<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c63c5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c63c5a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eff15f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3eff15f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tableau 2.<\/strong> Estimation du nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance par pays partenaire du projet.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e691d30 eael-dt-th-align-center eael-table-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"e691d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"e691d30\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-e691d30\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-e691d30\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Pays<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">France<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Allemagne<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Hongrie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Italie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Norv\u00e8ge<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Slovaquie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Espagne<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>Alpes &amp; Provence: 770000 ovins,<\/p>\n<p>90000 bovins,<\/p>\n<p>15000 caprins,<\/p>\n<p>2000 chevaux<\/p>\n<p>Jura: 35000 bovins<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>50000 bovins,<\/p>\n<p>115000 ovins<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>60000 bovins,<\/p>\n<p>934000 ovins et caprins<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">20,000<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>266000 ovins et caprins,<\/p>\n<p>215000 bovins<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>365000 bovins (intra-communautaire)<\/p>\n<p>45000 bovins (inter-communautaire; vers l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur)<\/p>\n<p>30000 bovins (inter-communautaire; retour)<\/p>\n<p>450000 ovins (intra-communautaire)<\/p>\n<p>50000 ovins (inter-communautaire)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail (%)<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">c. 22<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>&lt; Moins de 1% des bovins<\/p>\n<p>c. 8% des ovins <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>&lt; Moins de 6.5% des bovins<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e8s de 7,5 % du cheptel ovin et caprin <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>2.2 % (ovins et caprins)<\/p>\n<p>3.6 % (bovins et buffles)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>6% (bovins)<\/p>\n<p>3% (ovins)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be41b13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be41b13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Races de b\u00e9tail locales et r\u00e9gionales en France<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un nombre particuli\u00e8rement important de races locales et r\u00e9gionales est utilis\u00e9 pour la transhumance en France, comme par exemple, dans les Alpes, des races bovines laiti\u00e8res telles que la Tarentaise, l\u2019Abondance ou la Montb\u00e9liarde. Les races produisent un lait reconnu pour ses qualit\u00e9s fromag\u00e8res. Dans les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, la Blonde d&rsquo;Aquitaine est une race bovine commune utilis\u00e9e pour la production de viande. En plus de la riche vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de races bovines, de nombreuses races ovines diff\u00e9rentes sont pr\u00e9sentes en France. Rien que dans le Massif central, dix races ovines end\u00e9miques sont r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es. Dans les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, les races Basco-b\u00e9arnaise, Manech T\u00eate rousse et T\u00eate noire sont utilis\u00e9es pour la production laiti\u00e8re, les races Rouge du Roussillon, Castillonaise, Tarasconnaise, Aure et Campan, Bar\u00e9geoise et Lourdaise pour la production de viande.      <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45ee4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e45ee4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b354e74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b354e74\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdfb004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdfb004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les praticiens de la transhumance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93913a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93913a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un \u00e9ventail de praticiens de la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9 : agriculteurs (hommes et femmes), membres des familles d&rsquo;agriculteurs, bergers engag\u00e9s et laitiers (responsables de la traite et du traitement du lait) (figure 3).<\/p>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;ensemble, les pratiquants de la transhumance sont des hommes &#8211; bergers et vachers, la Norv\u00e8ge \u00e9tant la seule exception o\u00f9 les vach\u00e8res sont beaucoup plus nombreuses que les vachers.<\/p>\n<p>En France, une tendance \u00e0 l&rsquo;augmentation du nombre de femmes berg\u00e8res a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, la part des praticiens de la transhumance venant de l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger a tendance \u00e0 augmenter, en raison de l&rsquo;immigration (entre autres facteurs).<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, il y a un manque important de statistiques centralis\u00e9es, coh\u00e9rentes et standardis\u00e9es sur les praticiens de la transhumance \u00e0 travers le continent (tableau 3).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28597e0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28597e0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88bab26 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"88bab26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-3-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"88bab26\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 3. Exemples de praticiens de la transhumance\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDEyMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTMtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6Ijg4YmFiMjYifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-3-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2075\" data-height=\"2560\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dba3bcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dba3bcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Exemples de praticiens de la transhumance ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/figures\/major-mountain-ranges-of-europe-1\">fonds de carte<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e98f517 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e98f517\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc69a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc69a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tableau 3.<\/strong> Praticiens de la transhumance et exploitations agricoles ou saisonni\u00e8res impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance dans les pays partenaires du projet TRANSFARM.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-814f274 eael-dt-th-align-center eael-table-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"814f274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"814f274\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-814f274\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-814f274\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Pays<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">France<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Allemagne<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Hongrie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Italie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Norv\u00e8ge<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Slovaquie<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Espagne<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Nombre de praticiens de la transhumance<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Environ 20000 bergers <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">2600 au maximum<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">environ 100 - 500 praticiens <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Au moins 8000 praticiens<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Exploitations agricoles \/ saisonni\u00e8res impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Environ 60000 exploitations <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>3300 \u00e9levages d'ovins et de caprins<\/p>\n<p>940 \u00e9levages de bovins<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">780 fermes saisonni\u00e8res<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">-<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">8400 fermes<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48009e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48009e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Bergers en Gr\u00e8ce<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>En Gr\u00e8ce, les pratiquants de la transhumance appartiennent traditionnellement aux trois principaux groupes ethniques <em>Vlachoi<\/em>, <em>Sarakatsanaioi <\/em> et <em>Koupatsaraioi<\/em>. \u00c0 partir du XVIIe si\u00e8cle, les Valaques se sont divis\u00e9s en deux groupes. Un groupe a conserv\u00e9 les pratiques traditionnelles de transhumance tandis que l&rsquo;autre groupe s&rsquo;est install\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on permanente. Ce dernier groupe a re\u00e7u le nom de <em>Koupatsaraioi<\/em>. Les <em>Sarakatsanaioi <\/em> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9s pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1847 comme des \u00e9leveurs de moutons et de ch\u00e8vres en transhumance ayant \u00e9tabli leurs bergeries en dehors des villages. Ils n&rsquo;avaient pas de r\u00e9sidence permanente mais \u00e9rigeaient des constructions \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8res et parcouraient de grandes distances avec leur b\u00e9tail.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ddd77 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"79ddd77\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27b7da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d27b7da\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2968506 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2968506\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les diff\u00e9rents types de transhumance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les pratiques actuelles de transhumance couvrent un large \u00e9ventail de sch\u00e9mas de d\u00e9placement sur le continent (figure 4).<\/p>\n<p>Le mouvement le plus courant est celui des zones de basse altitude en hiver vers les zones de haute altitude en \u00e9t\u00e9, en raison de l&rsquo;espace limit\u00e9 dans les zones de basse altitude (entre autres raisons). Les p\u00e2turages en altitude ne sont disponibles qu&rsquo;en \u00e9t\u00e9 en raison des conditions climatiques. <\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, il est int\u00e9ressant de souligner les diff\u00e9rences significatives en termes d&rsquo;altitude et de distances parcourues entre les pays et les r\u00e9gions.<\/p>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;ensemble, les d\u00e9placements se font par le biais de v\u00e9hicules (camions, remorques, etc.), mais il y a encore des d\u00e9placements \u00e0 pied.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e72868d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e72868d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ad14c7 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"7ad14c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-4-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7ad14c7\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 4. Types de mouvements de transhumance dans les diff\u00e9rents pays d\u2019Europe.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDEyOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTQtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdhZDE0YzcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-4-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2174\" data-height=\"2560\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415469b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"415469b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> Types de mouvements de transhumance dans les diff\u00e9rents pays d&rsquo;Europe.<br \/>N.B. : Si le b\u00e9tail est transport\u00e9 par des v\u00e9hicules, le d\u00e9placement vers les p\u00e2turages d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 ne se fait pas en plusieurs \u00e9tapes. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdefd6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bdefd6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Distances parcourues en Gr\u00e8ce<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les distances de d\u00e9placement peuvent varier consid\u00e9rablement au sein d&rsquo;un m\u00eame pays, comme le montre l&rsquo;exemple de la Gr\u00e8ce. De petits d\u00e9placements locaux se produisent ainsi que des d\u00e9placements jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 50 km et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 100 km. Les d\u00e9placements jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 100 km sont principalement effectu\u00e9s dans le centre et l&rsquo;ouest du pays ainsi que dans le P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se. Les d\u00e9placements sur de longues distances de plus de 100 km et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 200 km sont typiques de la partie orientale de la Thessalie et se produisent fr\u00e9quemment en Aitoloakarnania, dans la partie occidentale de la Gr\u00e8ce centrale. M\u00eame des voyages de tr\u00e8s longue distance de plus de 200 km et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 350 km se produisent, typiques de la partie centrale du pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;ouest et au nord de la Gr\u00e8ce.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55656d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55656d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Les sch\u00e9mas de d\u00e9placement en France<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La France est un exemple de pays avec une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de sch\u00e9mas de d\u00e9placement se produisant dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions. Un mouvement vertical avec du b\u00e9tail pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 est, par exemple, courant dans les Alpes o\u00f9 le p\u00e2turage d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 commence au moins avant le 15 juillet et se termine apr\u00e8s le 15 septembre, mais peut \u00eatre prolong\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 mi-octobre. Les distances de d\u00e9placement sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement courtes; cependant, le mouvement entre la Provence et les Alpes du Nord peut couvrir une distance allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 500 km. Il y a une tendance \u00e0 garder les animaux productifs plut\u00f4t \u00e0 des altitudes plus basses, r\u00e9duisant ainsi le p\u00e2turage \u00e0 des altitudes plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es. Des d\u00e9placements hivernaux de bovins et d&rsquo;ovins des zones d&rsquo;altitude vers la plaine se produisent par exemple au sud du Massif central o\u00f9 plusieurs troupeaux des Causses et des C\u00e9vennes se d\u00e9placent vers les basses terres pour p\u00e2turer les vignes et les zones arbustives. Dans les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, un mouvement similaire vers les plaines se produit pendant l&rsquo;hiver. A ces mouvements plut\u00f4t verticaux s&rsquo;ajoutent des mouvements horizontaux en plaine dans des zones comme les pr\u00e9s sal\u00e9s de la Baie de Somme ou du Mont Saint Michel.      <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc382d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc382d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1172ada e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1172ada\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d4ffdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d4ffdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les objectifs et les produits<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c02949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c02949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;objectif principal de la transhumance est d&rsquo;utiliser les ressources pastorales pour le b\u00e9tail. Les praticiens de la transhumance fournissent une gamme de produits diff\u00e9rents : le lait et les produits laitiers (fromage, yaourt..) ainsi que la viande et ses produits associ\u00e9s (les saucisses par exemple). <\/p>\n<p>Cependant, il est int\u00e9ressant de souligner que la valeur de la laine a diminu\u00e9. La gestion du paysage devient un objectif de plus en plus important de la transhumance, par exemple dans les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es (figure 5). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a597d2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a597d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899baee elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"899baee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-5-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"899baee\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 5. Finalit\u00e9s et principaux produits issus des pratiques de transhumance dans certains pays europ\u00e9ens\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDEzNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6Ijg5OWJhZWUifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-5-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"2049\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1c13e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1c13e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 5.<\/strong> Finalit\u00e9s et principaux produits issus des pratiques de transhumance dans certains pays europ\u00e9ens ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/figures\/major-mountain-ranges-of-europe-1\">fonds de carte<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec74763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec74763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Production de laine en Espagne<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La production de laine a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 une activit\u00e9 importante pour les praticiens de la transhumance. La race m\u00e9rinos produisant une laine de haute qualit\u00e9 s&rsquo;est implant\u00e9e en Espagne au Moyen ge et l&rsquo;exportation de moutons m\u00e9rinos \u00e9tait interdite jusqu&rsquo;en 1760. En Espagne, l&rsquo;\u00e9levage m\u00e9rinos \u00e9tait le plus important \u00e0 la fin du Moyen ge et \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e8re moderne. Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l&rsquo;introduction de nouvelles fibres a affect\u00e9 la rentabilit\u00e9 de la production de laine. M\u00eame pour la laine de la plus haute qualit\u00e9, le revenu peut \u00eatre trop faible pour couvrir les co\u00fbts de production et les \u00e9leveurs peuvent m\u00eame \u00eatre oblig\u00e9s de payer pour l&rsquo;\u00e9limination de la laine.     <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abfa91a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abfa91a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Gestion du paysage<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans plusieurs pays du projet TRANSFARM, la gestion du paysage a \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9e comme nouvel objectif de la transhumance. La mesure dans laquelle la gestion du paysage est importante pour les praticiens de la transhumance diff\u00e8re. Par exemple, en Slovaquie, la transhumance est tr\u00e8s importante pour la gestion de la conservation de la nature dans les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es. Un p\u00e2turage r\u00e9gulier emp\u00eache les p\u00e2turages de montagne d&rsquo;\u00eatre envahis par des arbustes et des arbres et aide \u00e0 pr\u00e9server les esp\u00e8ces d\u00e9pendantes du p\u00e2turage. En Hongrie, o\u00f9 la plupart des activit\u00e9s de transhumance actuelles sont men\u00e9es dans des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, la transhumance \u00e0 des fins de gestion est tr\u00e8s importante. Les directions des parcs nationaux gardent des troupeaux pour g\u00e9rer les prairies \u00e0 des fins de conservation de la nature. En revanche, en Italie, la transhumance n&rsquo;est pas autoris\u00e9e dans les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, comme par exemple le long des lits des rivi\u00e8res.       <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb336f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eb336f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b4f9a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b4f9a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58fc44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f58fc44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les valeurs et les signfications<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbf4bb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbf4bb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Historiquement, dans tous les pays partenaires, la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me de production socio-\u00e9conomique important. Bien que les revenus tir\u00e9s de la transhumance et l&rsquo;importance de la transhumance elle-m\u00eame pour l&rsquo;autosuffisance des praticiens aient diminu\u00e9 au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, la transhumance est source de valeurs significatives en termes d&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage culturel. <\/p>\n<p>Le patrimoine culturel mat\u00e9riel et immat\u00e9riel reconnu au niveau national et international offre de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques aux communaut\u00e9s rurales en termes de tourisme. La transhumance est \u00e9galement importante pour le maintien du patrimoine culturel mat\u00e9riel et immat\u00e9riel, des paysages attrayants et de la biodiversit\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p>La transhumance fournit des connaissances importantes sur la mani\u00e8re d&rsquo;utiliser les ressources marginales et de produire en m\u00eame temps des aliments de haute qualit\u00e9. Cet aspect est aujourd\u2019hui crucial et offre des perspectives pour l\u2019avenir dans la mesure o\u00f9 la demande de denr\u00e9es alimentaires de qualit\u00e9 produites localement augmente. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2582d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2582d3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9527d2 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"f9527d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-10.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"f9527d2\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 6. Identification des valeurs cr\u00e9\u00e9es par les praticiens de la transhumance en Europe au fil du temps.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDE0NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTEwLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImY5NTI3ZDIifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-10.jpg\" data-width=\"1936\" data-height=\"1730\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc482 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc482\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 6.<\/strong> Identification des valeurs cr\u00e9\u00e9es par les praticiens de la transhumance en Europe au fil du temps.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939f4a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939f4a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Valeurs du patrimoine culturel<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>En Italie, les <em>tratturi <\/em> \u2013 anciens troupeaux \u2013 relient les Abruzzes, le Molise, la Campanie, les Pouilles et la Basilicate. Les troupeaux ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;histoire du paysage. Dans le pass\u00e9, leur taille et leur mode d&rsquo;utilisation \u00e9taient r\u00e9glement\u00e9s, et des \u00e9tablissements ruraux et urbains se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s parmi eux. Des lois pour prot\u00e9ger les <em>tratturi <\/em> existent depuis 1939. La reconnaissance de la transhumance comme patrimoine culturel immat\u00e9riel de l&rsquo;UNESCO est fortement soutenue par des groupes d&rsquo;action locaux int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par la pr\u00e9servation et le maintien des pratiques de transhumance. En Norv\u00e8ge, un large \u00e9ventail de traditions est li\u00e9 aux pratiques de transhumance telles que le d\u00e9placement du b\u00e9tail et la transformation du lait. Ceux-ci incluent des crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9lection pour qu\u2019une vache porte la (plus grande) cloche, des chants ou de courtes chansons pour appeler le b\u00e9tail pour la traite ainsi que des croyances sur les cr\u00e9ations non humaines telles que les gnomes et les gobelins.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1802f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1802f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Les paysages de transhumance et leurs valeurs<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La transhumance et les pratiques connexes, telles que le p\u00e2turage, fa\u00e7onnent les paysages de mani\u00e8re distincte. La transhumance \u00e9limine et emp\u00eache les arbustes et les arbres de s&rsquo;\u00e9tablir, cr\u00e9e et aide \u00e0 pr\u00e9server des paysages biologiquement diversifi\u00e9s. Les terres p\u00e2tur\u00e9es par les troupeaux transhumants pr\u00e9sentent l&rsquo;une des diversit\u00e9s floristiques les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es d&rsquo;Europe, et la richesse d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces telles que les insectes et les mammif\u00e8res d\u00e9pend des activit\u00e9s de p\u00e2turage. L&rsquo;enl\u00e8vement d&rsquo;arbres et d&rsquo;arbustes r\u00e9duit la quantit\u00e9 de combustible disponible pour les feux de for\u00eats et donc leur intensit\u00e9. La ma\u00eetrise des incendies pr\u00e9vient la d\u00e9gradation des sols car les incendies de for\u00eat peuvent entra\u00eener une grave \u00e9rosion des sols. Le d\u00e9clin des pratiques de transhumance entra\u00eene donc des changements complets du paysage. En Norv\u00e8ge, les espaces ouverts par la transhumance repoussent et les esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales n\u00e9cessaires pour le b\u00e9tail d\u00e9clinent. Les \u00e9l\u00e9ments du patrimoine culturel tels que les murs de fondation des anciens b\u00e2timents deviennent moins visibles et les paysages en cours de fermeture sont plus difficiles \u00e0 parcourir et deviennent moins attrayants pour les activit\u00e9s r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives, sans oublier le futur p\u00e2turage.       <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa118a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"daa118a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1584606 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1584606\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51ba9df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51ba9df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La situation juridique et le financement<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c487a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42c487a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la plupart des cas, les agriculteurs, les bergers ou les entreprises sont propri\u00e9taires du b\u00e9tail utilis\u00e9 pour la transhumance.<\/p>\n<p>Les p\u00e2turages appartiennent \u00e0 un large \u00e9ventail d&rsquo;acteurs : organismes publics officiels (\u00c9tat, municipalit\u00e9s, etc.), communaut\u00e9s, agriculteurs et autres propri\u00e9taires priv\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Les praticiens de la transhumance, dans leur ensemble, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d&rsquo;un financement et d&rsquo;un soutien au m\u00eame titre que les autres praticiens de l&rsquo;agriculture, telles que les subventions accord\u00e9es dans le cadre de la Politique agricole commune (PAC) et les indemnisations pour le b\u00e9tail tu\u00e9 par des pr\u00e9dateurs.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bab80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14bab80\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6601e26 eael-dt-th-align-center eael-table-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"6601e26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"6601e26\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-6601e26\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-6601e26\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Financements disponibles<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Financements non disponibles<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Norv\u00e8ge<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Espagne<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">France<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Hongrie<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Allemagne<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Slovaquie<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Italie<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-286808b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"286808b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 7.<\/strong> Disponibilit\u00e9 de financements dans les pays partenaires du projet TRANSFARM pour les activit\u00e9s de transhumance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f75eab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f75eab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans certains pays, la gestion du paysage est r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9e (par exemple, en Allemagne et en Hongrie), alors que dans d&rsquo;autres, elle ne l&rsquo;est pas ; de m\u00eame, dans certains pays, les praticiens peuvent \u00e9galement recevoir des fonds destin\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 transhumante (Figure 7). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9408c33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9408c33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Associations de transhumance<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En France, les activit\u00e9s de transhumance sont principalement organis\u00e9es par des associations pastorales collectives : associations pastorales fonci\u00e8res et groupements pastoraux. Ils f\u00e9d\u00e8rent les propri\u00e9taires terriens, organisent l&rsquo;entretien, la protection des sols et les \u00e9quipements techniques, g\u00e8rent la fr\u00e9quentation touristique, etc. En Norv\u00e8ge, l&rsquo;organisation agricole saisonni\u00e8re norv\u00e9gienne vise \u00e0 promouvoir l&rsquo;agriculture saisonni\u00e8re et \u00e0 accro\u00eetre les connaissances de ses membres. De plus, elle tente d&rsquo;impacter le cadre dans lequel les praticiens de la transhumance d\u00e9veloppent leur activit\u00e9. Ces types d&rsquo;associations contribuent \u00e0 sensibiliser \u00e0 la transhumance et \u00e0 rendre la transhumance visible.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8df669 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8df669\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893d8d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"893d8d5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18d620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c18d620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u2019enseignement professionnel, les offres de formation et les lacunes en mati\u00e8re de formation<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aacbd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8aacbd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans tous les pays, l&rsquo;acquisition informelle de connaissances par l&rsquo;apprentissage aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;autres praticiens a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9e comme un moyen important pour les praticiens de la transhumance d&rsquo;acc\u00e9der au savoir-faire et au d\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences.<\/p>\n<p>Le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;accessibilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;enseignement et de la formation professionnels varie fortement d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre (figure 8).<\/p>\n<p>Dans plusieurs pays, des organisations priv\u00e9es et publiques proposent des cours permettant d&rsquo;acqu\u00e9rir diff\u00e9rents types de comp\u00e9tences, par exemple dans le domaine de l&rsquo;\u00e9levage, des r\u00e8gles d&rsquo;hygi\u00e8ne ou de la production de fromage ; toutefois, peu de pays offrent une formation compl\u00e8te dispens\u00e9e par une organisation sp\u00e9cifique.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a60b6fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a60b6fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 8.<\/strong> Types d&rsquo;enseignement formel sur les pratiques de transhumance propos\u00e9s dans certains pays europ\u00e9ens. NB : L&rsquo;apprentissage aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;autres praticiens est un moyen important d&rsquo;acqu\u00e9rir des connaissances dans tous les pays. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1125d27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1125d27\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f4ad35 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f4ad35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a328395 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a328395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">France<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b3b7de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b3b7de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d21a027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d21a027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Formation dans les centres de formation<\/li>\n<li>Formation par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire des organisations de bergers<\/li>\n<li>Offres de formation dans plusieurs lyc\u00e9es<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ec07f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65ec07f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a28437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a28437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Espagne<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52294a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52294a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcc62d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcc62d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>\u00c9coles priv\u00e9es de bergers<\/li>\n<li>Cours sur les th\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la transhumance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baec1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"baec1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891ea39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"891ea39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Norv\u00e8ge<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58e932d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58e932d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22cd93e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22cd93e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;enseignement complet sur la transhumance<\/li>\n<li>Offres dans certaines \u00e9coles secondaires et dans des fermes saisonni\u00e8res<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a9d5c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a9d5c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e82d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e82d64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Italie<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-032e300 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"032e300\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cb3f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cb3f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;offre de formation formalis\u00e9e<\/li>\n<li>Tentatives r\u00e9centes de mise en place d&rsquo;une offre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221826b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"221826b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b65273d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b65273d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Slovaquie<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd895ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd895ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb31a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5eb31a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;offre sp\u00e9cifique de formation<\/li>\n<li>Diff\u00e9rentes initiatives \u00e9ducatives sur des sujets connexes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#FCC400\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63e73d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63e73d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6a62c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c6a62c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Allemagne<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81cedf7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"81cedf7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aab1fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0aab1fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;offre de formation formalis\u00e9e<\/li>\n<li>Tentatives de proposer des offres et diff\u00e9rentes initiatives \u00e9ducatives par les organisations et associations de bergers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18e4ad2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18e4ad2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58e3a09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58e3a09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hongrie<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d80ac33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d80ac33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f32b7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f32b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;offre de formation formalis\u00e9e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#EB9F54\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c1192 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27c1192\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b2d284 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b2d284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c08a42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c08a42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-021d6a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"021d6a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pas d&rsquo;offre de formation formalis\u00e9e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5d863 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d5d863\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08b8122 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08b8122\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845fd98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"845fd98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les connaissances disponibles<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32689d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32689d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9 que les connaissances disponibles sur les pratiques de transhumance et leur degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;accessibilit\u00e9 varient fortement d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre.<\/p>\n<p>Les exemples de sources et\/ou de lieux o\u00f9 les informations sont disponibles sont toutefois coh\u00e9rents en ce qui concerne les mus\u00e9es, les festivals de cin\u00e9ma, les activit\u00e9s de recherche et les festivals folkloriques (figure 9).<\/p>\n<p>Les pays participant au projet s&rsquo;accordent \u00e0 dire que pour sensibiliser davantage aux pratiques de transhumance, les connaissances sur le sujet doivent \u00eatre mises \u00e0 la disposition du grand public.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c89428f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c89428f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-046562f elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"046562f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-6-1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"046562f\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 9. Diff\u00e9rents moyens de transfert de connaissances en mati\u00e8re de transhumance identifi\u00e9s dans le projet TRANSFARM dans des pays europ\u00e9ens s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDE1MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTYtMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIwNDY1NjJmIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-6-1.jpg\" data-width=\"2172\" data-height=\"1886\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed52969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed52969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 9.<\/strong> Diff\u00e9rents moyens de transfert de connaissances en mati\u00e8re de transhumance identifi\u00e9s dans le projet TRANSFARM dans des pays europ\u00e9ens s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528fdb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"528fdb4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d09fa4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d09fa4f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8734a61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8734a61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La sensibilisation<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dcdd85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1dcdd85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, les personnes proches ou li\u00e9es au monde agricole, par exemple par leur lieu de r\u00e9sidence ou leurs liens familiaux, sont davantage sensibilis\u00e9es \u00e0 la transhumance que celles qui sont totalement d\u00e9connect\u00e9es de la production agricole.<\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, compte tenu de la disponibilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e des donn\u00e9es dans les diff\u00e9rents pays, il n&rsquo;est pas possible de comparer le degr\u00e9 de sensibilisation du grand public \u00e0 la transhumance dans les diff\u00e9rents pays, ce qui rend difficile l&rsquo;identification de tendances d\u00e9taill\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Dans plusieurs pays, certaines activit\u00e9s (figure 10) sont entreprises pour sensibiliser \u00e0 la transhumance, comme les festivals qui c\u00e9l\u00e8brent sp\u00e9cifiquement le retour du b\u00e9tail des alpages (par exemple, en France), ainsi que ceux qui accueillent les visiteurs dans les fermes saisonni\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d980f48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d980f48\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0866e79 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"0866e79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;justified&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:600,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ideal_row_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ideal_row_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:150,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-7-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"0866e79\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Figure 10. Exemples d\u2019activit\u00e9s qui sensibilisent aux pratiques de la transhumance.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDE2MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wMlwvRmlndXJlLTctc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjA4NjZlNzkifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-7-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"2038\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddf6f21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddf6f21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 10.<\/strong> Exemples d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s qui sensibilisent aux pratiques de la transhumance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb5de5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffb5de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;inscription de la transhumance sur la liste repr\u00e9sentative du Patrimoine culturel immat\u00e9riel de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 en 2019 est un exemple notable de sensibilisation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-510c828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"510c828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Activit\u00e9s de sensibilisation<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les f\u00eates li\u00e9es aux activit\u00e9s de transhumance contribuent \u00e0 accro\u00eetre la sensibilisation \u00e0 la transhumance. En Hongrie, des festivals, comme le festival du rago\u00fbt de mouton \u00e0 Karcag, contribuent \u00e0 sensibiliser les gens aux valeurs culturelles de la transhumance. En France, plusieurs festivals de cin\u00e9ma sont consacr\u00e9s en partie ou en totalit\u00e9 \u00e0 la transhumance et, de la Provence aux Alpes, de nombreuses f\u00eates de bergers et d&rsquo;alpage sont c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9es \u00e0 la fin du printemps. La plupart de ces manifestations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990.   <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e56c8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e56c8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca93e2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca93e2e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b63f207 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b63f207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les d\u00e9fis \u00e0 relever<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc06ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bc06ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La transhumance et les valeurs produites par les praticiens de la transhumance sont assez peu reconnues.<\/p>\n<p>Le nombre de praticiens de la transhumance est en baisse, ce qui entra\u00eene une diminution de la main-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre disponible. Les chances de transfert de connaissances sont donc nettement plus faibles, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que les praticiens de la transhumance constituent une importante source d&rsquo;enseignements et de transmission des pratiques. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c3af22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c3af22\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fde8acb eael-dt-th-align-center eael-table-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"fde8acb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"fde8acb\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-fde8acb\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-fde8acb\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">PRINCIPAUX D\u00c9FIS POUR LA TRANSHUMANCE<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Diminution du nombre de praticiens<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Soutien et viabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomiques futurs<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Pr\u00e9dation du loup<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Acc\u00e8s aux ressources en eau et aux p\u00e2turages<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>Espagne France<\/p>\n<p>Norv\u00e8ge Gr\u00e8ce<\/p>\n<p>Allemagne Slovaquie<\/p>\n<p>Hongrie<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>Espagne France<\/p>\n<p>Norv\u00e8ge Slovaquie<\/p>\n<p>Allemagne Gr\u00e8ce<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>Italie France Slovaquie<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>France Slovaquie<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">Concurrence avec d'autres types d'utilisation des sols dans les zones de plaine<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\"><p>Espagne France Italie<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533cf24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533cf24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 11.<\/strong> Identification des principaux d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s aux pratiques de transhumance dans certains pays europ\u00e9ens, dans le cadre du projet TRANSFARM.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6395839 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6395839\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les pr\u00e9occupations s\u00e9rieuses concernant l&rsquo;incertitude du soutien \u00e9conomique dans le futur illustrent le fait que la viabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique peut \u00eatre un probl\u00e8me pour les praticiens de la transhumance et un facteur d\u00e9cisif pour la poursuite ou l&rsquo;abandon de leurs pratiques. Dans les basses terres, la concurrence s&rsquo;intensifie entre les adeptes de la transhumance qui souhaitent utiliser les p\u00e2turages et les promoteurs urbains et industriels. Des changements importants dans l&rsquo;environnement naturel, tels que le retour du loup et l&rsquo;impact du changement climatique sur les p\u00e2turages et l&rsquo;approvisionnement en eau, constituent des menaces et des d\u00e9fis pour l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des ressources importantes. Parmi les autres d\u00e9fis mis en \u00e9vidence dans les rapports nationaux figurent la fragmentation des terres, la baisse de la consommation de viande, l&rsquo;augmentation de l&rsquo;agriculture \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle et les d\u00e9fis pratiques et logistiques.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb3472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb3472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Loups<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En France, le retour du loup \u2013 actuellement pr\u00e9sent dans tous les massifs montagneux utilis\u00e9s pour la transhumance, mais surtout dans les Alpes \u2013 est un enjeu important pour les praticiens de la transhumance. Une possibilit\u00e9 de prot\u00e9ger le b\u00e9tail contre la pr\u00e9dation est l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;enclos de nuit s\u00e9curis\u00e9s pour les moutons. L&rsquo;utilisation de tels \u00e9quipements limite le p\u00e2turage aux zones o\u00f9 des enclos de nuit peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9tablis, et les d\u00e9placements quotidiens seront r\u00e9duits \u00e0 des distances permettant de retourner aux enclos pour la nuit. L&rsquo;utilisation de chiens de garde est une autre option pour prot\u00e9ger les troupeaux contre la pr\u00e9dation. Cependant, des conflits avec l&rsquo;utilisation des zones de montagne pour des activit\u00e9s r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives peuvent survenir. Les chiens peuvent attaquer les randonneurs qui, sans le savoir, se comportent d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re que les chiens per\u00e7oivent comme une menace pour leurs troupeaux, par exemple, s&rsquo;approcher trop pr\u00e8s ou entrer dans un troupeau. Informer les randonneurs est une mesure importante pour \u00e9viter ces types de conflits.      <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f12c79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f12c79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26bffb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b26bffb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cffbb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cffbb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc090e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fc090e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ce rapport a clairement mis en \u00e9vidence le fait que la transhumance enrichit les zones rurales. Elle offre des paysages attrayants et diversifi\u00e9s, un patrimoine mat\u00e9riel et immat\u00e9riel, des produits alimentaires de haute qualit\u00e9 et constitue un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important de la culture rurale vivante. Cependant, le nombre d\u00e9croissant de praticiens de la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en \u00e9vidence comme l&rsquo;un des principaux d\u00e9fis \u00e0 relever pour maintenir et d\u00e9velopper la transhumance dans les pays repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le projet TRANSFARM. Il est important de rendre la profession de berger\/ \u00e9l\u00e9veur transhumant suffisamment attractive par rapport \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres types de professions dans le secteur rural. La sensibilisation \u00e0 la transhumance et aux besoins des praticiens est donc importante \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard. Par exemple, l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux p\u00e2turages doit \u00eatre garanti, en particulier dans les plaines. Le maintien de la transhumance semble \u00eatre remis en question par des inqui\u00e9tudes concernant le soutien \u00e9conomique futur et la viabilit\u00e9 de la pratique, ce qui signifie que les incitations \u00e9conomiques accrues et des garanties destin\u00e9es aux praticiens de la transhumance sont importantes pour l&rsquo;avenir de la transhumance.     <\/p>\n<p>La diminution du nombre de praticiens de la transhumance n&rsquo;a pas seulement eu un impact sur le degr\u00e9 de la pratique, mais aussi sur les possibilit\u00e9s d&rsquo;apprentissage pour nouveaux praticiens. Le transfert de connaissances entre les diff\u00e9rentes g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de praticiens et l&rsquo;apprentissage mutuel sont aussi importants aujourd&rsquo;hui qu&rsquo;ils pouvaient l\u2019\u00eatre auparavant. Il est donc essentiel de soutenir les plateformes d&rsquo;\u00e9change de connaissances telles que les associations de praticiens de la transhumance afin de maintenir et de transmettre les connaissances. Le nombre d&rsquo;offres \u00e9ducatives et leur degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;institutionnalisation diff\u00e8rent fortement d&rsquo;un pays partenaire \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre. La mise \u00e0 disposition d&rsquo;offres de formation favorisera l&rsquo;\u00e9change de connaissances, l&rsquo;apprentissage et contribuera \u00e0 rendre la profession de berger\/\u00e9leveur transhumant plus attractive.    <\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport montre qu&rsquo;il existe un large \u00e9ventail de pratiques de transhumance dans les pays partenaires. Pour promouvoir et sensibiliser \u00e0 la transhumance et \u00e0 ses valeurs, il est important de soutenir toutes les diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res de pratiquer la transhumance. Enfin, il est n\u00e9cessaire d&rsquo;approfondir les connaissances sur la transhumance, notamment en ce qui concerne la fourniture et la collecte de donn\u00e9es comparables d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre, par exemple en ce qui concerne la sensibilisation \u00e0 la transhumance et les statistiques telles que le nombre de praticiens ou de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a72296c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a72296c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d5c2bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d5c2bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a32fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58a32fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie et ressources compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f0e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette section fournit une s\u00e9lection de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques sur la transhumance et d&rsquo;autres ressources qui peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour obtenir des informations sp\u00e9cifiques concernant un pays ou un lieu sur la transhumance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ae57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ae57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Europe<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7f4a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b7f4a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmingfornature.ie\/resources\/best-practice-guides\">farmingfornature.ie\/resources\/best-practice-guides<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bele, B., Nielsen, V. K. S. N., Orejas, A. &amp; Tejedo, J. A. R. 2021. Intangible cultural heritage of transhumance landscapes: their roles and values \u2013 examples from Norway, France and Spain. In: Bowden, M. &amp; Herring, P. (eds.) Transhumance. Papers from the International Association of Landscape Archaeology Conference, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 111-128.    <\/p>\n<p>Daugstad, K., Mier, M. F. &amp; Pe\u00f1aChocarro, L. 2014. Landscapes of transhumance in Norway and Spain: Farmers&rsquo; practices, perceptions, and value orientations. Nor. J. Geogr.    68, 248-258.<\/p>\n<p>Potthoff, K., Smrekar, A., Hribar, M. \u0160. &amp; Urbanc, M. 2020. The past and perspective development of pasturing and tourism in the mountains: Insights from Norway and Slovenia. Geografski vestnik 92, 81-99.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3234427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3234427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">France<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0564c9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0564c9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intangible cultural heritage inventory sheet, Practices and know-how of transhumance in France (Fiche d\u2019inventaire du patrimoine culturel immat\u00e9riel, les pratiques et savoir-faire de la transhumance en France), 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De Roinc\u00e9 C., Seegers J., \u00c9tude prospective du pastoralisme fran\u00e7ais dans le contexte de la pr\u00e9dation exerc\u00e9e par le loup, 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ProjetPastoM, Propositions partag\u00e9es pour am\u00e9liorer les soutiens \u00e0 l\u2019agropastoralisme de montagne, Paris, R\u00e9seau rural national, 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UICN France, Panorama des services \u00e9cologiques fournis par les milieux naturels en France \u2013 volume 2.4 : les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes montagnards. Paris, France, 2014. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gelin M, Quelles formes de transhumance dans les \u00e9levages europ\u00e9ens, et quels enjeux (patrimoniaux, socio-\u00e9conomiques, \u00e9cologiques, politiques) associ\u00e9s ? Synth\u00e8se bibliographique dans le cadre de la formation Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9levage de l\u2019Institut Agro &#8211; Montpellier SupAgro, 2020. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2be7026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2be7026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Allemagne<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5d00e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec5d00e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blaschka, A., Ringdorfer, R., Huber, R. Guggenberger, T. &amp; P. Haslgr\u00fcbler 2014. Almrekultivierung durch gezielte Beweidung mit Schafen \u2013 Ergebnisse aus dem Almlammprojekt.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Bollier &amp; Silke Helfrich (Ed.) (2015): Patterns of communing. The commons strategy Group. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Landwirtschaft und Ern\u00e4hrung BLE (2021) Statistisches Jahrbuch \u00fcber Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten 2021<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Czerkus Gunther, Evelyn Mathias and Andreas Schenk; Bundesverband Berufssch\u00e4\u0308fer (German Association of Professional Shepherds) (2020); Accounting for pastoralists in Germany<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deutscher Bundestag (2019): Bedeutung der Wandersch\u00e4\u0308ferei f\u00fcr die Biodiversit\u00e4\u0308t in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf eine Anfrage der Gr\u00fcnen. Drucksache 19\/12778  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerken, Bernd &amp; Martin G\u00f6rner (eds) (2000): Landscape Development with Large Hervibores. New Models and Practical Experiences. (Neue Modelle zu Ma\u00dfnahmen der Landschaftsentwicklung mit gro\u00dfen Pflanzenfressern. Praktische Erfahrungen bei der Umsetzung. In: Natur- und Kulturlandschaft. Band 4. Brakel.      <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hungen.de\/leben-wohnen\/gemeindeportrait-die-schaeferstadt\/\">Herder-City Hungen.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacobeit, W. 1987 Schafhaltung und Sch\u00e4fer in Zentraleuropa bis zum Beginn des 20. Jh. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Luick, R. (2004): Transhumance in Germany. Pp. 137\u201354 in: R.G.H. Bunce et al. (eds.). Transhumance and biodiversity in European mountains. 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Norwegian Commons: history, status and challenges.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Berge, E. &amp; Carlsson, L. (eds.) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commons: Old and New.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Department of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim, pp. 93-132.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solheim, S. 1952. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Norsk S\u00e6tertradisjon. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H. Aschehoug &amp; Co., Oslo, 708 pp.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stensgaard, K. 2019<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<br \/>\nHvordan st\u00e5r det til p\u00e5 setra?<br \/>\nRegistrering av setermilj\u00f8er i perioden 2009\u20132015.    <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NIBIO, \u00c5s, 175 pp.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strand, B. &amp; \u00d8deg\u00e5rd, N. T. (eds.) 2006. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St\u00f8lsvidda. Ei bok om Ulnes og Svennes sameier.  <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St\u00f8lsviddeprosjektet i Valdres, Valdres, 214 pp.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e8d26a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e8d26a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Slovaquie<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-308e5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"308e5a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-015-0969-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hre\u0161ko, J., Petrovi\u010d, F. &amp; Mi\u0161ovi\u010dov\u00e1, R. 2015. 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The Mesta: A Study in Spanish Economic History, 1273-1836, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/desarrollo-rural\/publicaciones\/publicaciones-de-desarrollo%5B1%5Drural\/LIBRO%20BLANCO%202013_tcm30-131212.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MAFE -Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment-(2013). Transhumance White Paper <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/trashumanciaynaturaleza.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Informe_ovino_cadena_valor_v6.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zabalza, S., Linares, A., Astrain C., (2020) identificaci\u00f3n de barreras y oportunidades en la cadena de valor del ovino \u2013 caprino extensivo.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sur l&rsquo;enseignement et la formation professionnels pour les praticiens de la transhumance Accueil > T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF Contenu Introduction Le projet TRANSFARM (Formation professionnelle pour les praticiens de la transhumance), financ\u00e9 par le programme de financement ERASMUS+, vise \u00e0 renforcer les capacit\u00e9s des praticiens de la transhumance et des entrepreneurs ruraux qui souhaitent lancer ou [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6869","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - 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