{"id":7896,"date":"2024-02-20T09:07:27","date_gmt":"2024-02-20T09:07:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/module-1-quest-ce-que-la-transhumance"},"modified":"2024-06-24T06:27:33","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T06:27:33","slug":"module-1-quest-ce-que-la-transhumance","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/module-1-quest-ce-que-la-transhumance","title":{"rendered":"MODULE 1. Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la transhumance ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7896\" class=\"elementor elementor-7896 elementor-6877\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/9_urban-transhumance_FR-Paris_La-bergerie-urbaine-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e7fef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77e7fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8218e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8218e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca7c0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca7c0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Module 1<\/h6>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efc8551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efc8551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Qu'est-ce que la transhumance ?<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362b062 e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"362b062\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f926444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f926444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/home\">Accueil<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925e6ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"925e6ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7560ba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7560ba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/training-resources\">Ressources de formation<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48dbdb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48dbdb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c16f19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c16f19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428bc21 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"428bc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/transfarm-training-module-1-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31768a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d31768a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b66af3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b66af3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3764953 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3764953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:70,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:55,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#FFFFFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea95914 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ea95914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContenu\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ea95914\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54933f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54933f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9d9c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9d9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8198872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8198872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans le cadre du projet TRANSFARM, nous d\u00e9finissons la transhumance comme un <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/livre-de-reference-en-ligne\">d\u00e9placement saisonnier du b\u00e9tail<\/a> sur de longues distances. Si vous pratiquez la transhumance, si vous envisagez de le faire ou si vous vous int\u00e9ressez \u00e0 la transhumance, votre pratique ou votre int\u00e9r\u00eat fait partie du patrimoine naturel et culturel europ\u00e9en ! Ce module de formation donne un aper\u00e7u des diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons de pratiquer la transhumance dans une s\u00e9lection de pays europ\u00e9ens. Le module 1 aborde les diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res de pratiquer la transhumance, son importance et son histoire.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2980ea2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2980ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:409,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContenu\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5f8a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5f8a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res de pratiquer la transhumance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3144529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3144529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mobilit\u00e9<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81867b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e81867b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La mobilit\u00e9 est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 de la transhumance. Le mouvement commence dans une ferme o\u00f9 le b\u00e9tail reste g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans des \u00e9tables ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur pendant l&rsquo;hiver. Au printemps ou en \u00e9t\u00e9, il se d\u00e9place vers des p\u00e2turages situ\u00e9s \u00e0 une certaine distance de la ferme. En automne ou en hiver, le b\u00e9tail retourne \u00e0 la ferme. La dur\u00e9e des d\u00e9placements varie en fonction de la distance entre la ferme et les p\u00e2turages. La laiti\u00e8re norv\u00e9gienne <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/tradition-et-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Katharina Sparstad<\/em><\/a> a besoin d&rsquo;environ 2,5 heures pour conduire le b\u00e9tail vers les p\u00e2turages d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9.      L&rsquo;agricultrice grecque <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/gestion-des-montagnes-biodiversifiees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rania Dimou<\/em><\/a> a besoin d&rsquo;environ 6 heures. Certains praticiens d\u00e9placent continuellement leur b\u00e9tail pendant une partie ou la totalit\u00e9 de la saison de p\u00e2turage. Par exemple, l&rsquo;agriculteur fran\u00e7ais <em>Pierre Pujos<\/em> d\u00e9place son b\u00e9tail en trois semaines de sa ferme situ\u00e9e dans la plaine c\u00e9r\u00e9ali\u00e8re du <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/a-pied-en-haute-montagne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sud-ouest de la France vers les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. <\/a>  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb32f4 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"dbb32f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-03_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"dbb32f4\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Une \u00e9tape pendant la transhumance. Photo de Pierre Pujos\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTc4NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIxLTAzX1Bob3RvLVBpZXJyZS1QdWpvcy1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiZGJiMzJmNCJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-03_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-768x548.jpg\" data-width=\"768\" data-height=\"548\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_03_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"dbb32f4\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"B\u00e9tail en mouvement. Photo de Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTk1MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IzXzAzX1Bob3RvLVJhbmlhLURpbW91LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImRiYjMyZjQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_03_Photo-Rania-Dimou-768x576.jpg\" data-width=\"768\" data-height=\"576\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86e817f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86e817f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;exploitation appartenant au groupe slovaque <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/adapte-a-la-region\"><em>Sala\u0161 Tur\u010dek<\/em> Agrotrade Group<\/a> d\u00e9place continuellement son b\u00e9tail entre les p\u00e2turages pendant toute la saison de p\u00e2turage. Avec l&rsquo;introduction des modes de transport modernes, le nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant \u00e0 pied a diminu\u00e9. Le transport \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une camionnette ou d&rsquo;une remorque permet de gagner du temps et de r\u00e9duire les risques d&rsquo;accident, mais il entra\u00eene \u00e9galement des d\u00e9penses li\u00e9es \u00e0 la location de v\u00e9hicules et au co\u00fbt du carburant. L&rsquo;agriculteur grec <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/ovins-caprins-et-bovins\"><em>Demetrios Tsatsos<\/em><\/a> transporte son troupeau dans les montagnes avec des v\u00e9hicules et \u00e0 pied lorsqu&rsquo;il revient \u00e0 sa ferme.   Il r\u00e9duit ainsi ses d\u00e9penses. Le <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/rapport-de-synthese\">rapport de synth\u00e8se<\/a> et les <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/national-reports\">rapports nationaux<\/a> fournissent de plus amples informations sur la grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9placement. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bacdc78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bacdc78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le betail<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d661620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d661620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les types de b\u00e9tail les plus courants pour la transhumance sont les moutons, les ch\u00e8vres et les bovins. Cependant, d&rsquo;autres types de b\u00e9tail sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9s. Par exemple, des chevaux paissent dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/gestion-de-la-biodiversite-dans-les-parcs-nationaux\">parcs nationaux hongrois<\/a>, et des \u00e2nes transportent des <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/40-ans-de-transhumance\">agneaux nouveau-n\u00e9s en Italie.<\/a>   De nombreux pratiquants de la transhumance utilisent des races locales ou r\u00e9gionales traditionnelles en raison de leurs qualit\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques. Par exemple, en France, la <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/a-pied-en-haute-montagne\">race ovine tarasconnaise est robuste<\/a>.  La race ovine traditionnelle valaque est rustique et se d\u00e9place facilement sur des terrains accident\u00e9s, tandis que la brebis fran\u00e7aise Lacaune produit plus de lait et peut \u00eatre traite par des <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/adapte-a-la-region\">machines \u00e0 traire<\/a>. Ainsi, la race et le type, la quantit\u00e9 et la qualit\u00e9 du ou des produits qu&rsquo;un pratiquant peut fournir sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9s. Le choix d&rsquo;un produit sp\u00e9cifique ou d&rsquo;un changement de produit peut entra\u00eener un changement de race. Par exemple, l&rsquo;agriculteur grec <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/ovins-caprins-et-bovins\"><em>Demetrios Tsatsos<\/em><\/a>, qui livre du lait \u00e0 l&rsquo;industrie de transformation du lait, envisage de remplacer ses races ovines et caprines locales par des races plus productives.   L&rsquo;agriculteur norv\u00e9gien <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/trashumance-et-tourisme\"><em>Simen L\u00f8ken<\/em><\/a> souhaite essayer de transformer une partie du lait de vache qu&rsquo;il produit. Il pourrait donc augmenter le nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail de la race traditionnelle Dola, dont le lait pr\u00e9sente de bonnes qualit\u00e9s pour la production de fromage. Le nombre de t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail impliqu\u00e9es dans la transhumance varie fortement. Certains praticiens n&rsquo;ont que quelques animaux, tandis que d&rsquo;autres en ont plusieurs milliers. La laiti\u00e8re norv\u00e9gienne <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/repartir-a-zero\"><em>Sina Joten S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r<\/em><\/a> poss\u00e8de 3 vaches laiti\u00e8res et quelques jeunes ch\u00e8vres pour l&rsquo;entreprise.    L&rsquo;agriculteur grec <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/ovins-caprins-et-bovins-biologiques\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a> poss\u00e8de 3000 moutons, 50 ch\u00e8vres et 200 t\u00eates de b\u00e9tail.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d59ecb elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3d59ecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/picture03_IT03_Photo-Marianna-Fabbrizioli.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3d59ecb\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Agneaux nouveau-n\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#039;int\u00e9rieur des sacs. Photo de Marianna Fabbrizioli\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjEwNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvcGljdHVyZTAzX0lUMDNfUGhvdG8tTWFyaWFubmEtRmFiYnJpemlvbGkuanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNkNTllY2IifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/picture03_IT03_Photo-Marianna-Fabbrizioli.jpeg\" data-width=\"1024\" data-height=\"768\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-6_Photo-Sina-Joten-Sondmor-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3d59ecb\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La grange. Photo de Sina Joten S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTU3MSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvTk8wNC02X1Bob3RvLVNpbmEtSm90ZW4tU29uZG1vci1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiM2Q1OWVjYiJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-6_Photo-Sina-Joten-Sondmor-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"1920\" data-height=\"2560\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54f559f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54f559f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vertical, horizontal et urbain<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5ebd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f5ebd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fondamentalement, la transhumance peut \u00eatre verticale ou horizontale. La transhumance <strong>verticale<\/strong> signifie que le b\u00e9tail se d\u00e9place ou est transport\u00e9 entre les basses et les hautes terres. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, le b\u00e9tail reste dans les hautes terres ou les montagnes pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9. Les hautes altitudes connaissent des conditions climatiques plus rudes et n&rsquo;offrent des p\u00e2turages que pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9. Cependant, le b\u00e9tail de l&rsquo;agriculteur autrichien <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/se-deplacer-a-lenvers\"><em>Hans K\u00fcn<\/em><\/a> reste dans les montagnes \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;hiver et l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9, tandis qu&rsquo;il p\u00e2ture en basse altitude au printemps et \u00e0 l&rsquo;automne. La transhumance <strong>horizontale<\/strong> signifie que les mouvements de b\u00e9tail se produisent sans changement substantiel d&rsquo;altitude.    L&rsquo;agriculteur slovaque <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/cooperation-dans-la-transhumance\"><em>M\u00e1ria Iv\u00e1n Tam\u00e1\u0161<\/em><\/a> pratique ce type de transhumance avec son troupeau de ch\u00e8vres. La transhumance <strong>urbaine <\/strong> utilise les ressources pastorales des zones urbaines et p\u00e9riurbaines. L&rsquo;association fran\u00e7aise <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/lagriculture-et-leducation-en-milieu-urbain\"><em>Bergeries en ville<\/em><\/a> pratique la transhumance urbaine dans l&rsquo;agglom\u00e9ration parisienne. Ses animaux p\u00e2turent par exemple les parcs publics, les pelouses et les friches. La classification de la transhumance en verticale, horizontale et urbaine permet de mieux appr\u00e9hender la diversit\u00e9 des pratiques. Cependant, dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, les pratiques peuvent entrer dans plus d&rsquo;une cat\u00e9gorie. Par exemple, la coop\u00e9rative espagnole <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/une-cooperative-pratiquant-la-transhumance\"><em>Los Apisquillos<\/em><\/a> d\u00e9place son b\u00e9tail entre les p\u00e2turages situ\u00e9s \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de sa ferme au nord de Madrid.    \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que le b\u00e9tail ne se d\u00e9place pas \u00e0 une altitude importante, le mouvement est horizontal<em>.<\/em> Cependant, la coop\u00e9rative se d\u00e9place \u00e9galement vers le parc Casa de Campo \u00e0 Madrid. Ce mouvement couvre une altitude significative &#8211; transhumance verticale &#8211; et la coop\u00e9rative utilise les ressources des p\u00e2turages urbains &#8211; transhumance urbaine. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3246eca elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3246eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR01_01_Photo-Ioannis-Dekolis.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Animaux broutant les montagnes. Photo de Ioannis Dekolis\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg5NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IwMV8wMV9QaG90by1Jb2FubmlzLURla29saXMuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMzI0NmVjYSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR01_01_Photo-Ioannis-Dekolis.jpg\" data-width=\"1800\" data-height=\"875\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"P\u00e2turages dans la vall\u00e9e du ruisseau Tur\u0148a entour\u00e9s par le plateau de Silice. Photo de Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjE5NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDEtU0swM19QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjMyNDZlY2EifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR2-04_Photo-Julie-Martin.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"P\u00e2turage au campus \u00e9cologique de Saint-Philippe de Meudon. Photo de Julie Martin\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg0MSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIyLTA0X1Bob3RvLUp1bGllLU1hcnRpbi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzMjQ2ZWNhIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR2-04_Photo-Julie-Martin.jpg\" data-width=\"960\" data-height=\"1280\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ed4ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8ed4ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e9sence humaine<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c02709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c02709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une transhumance dans le projet TRANSFARM, le b\u00e9tail doit \u00eatre accompagn\u00e9 par des personnes. Cependant, la signification de l&rsquo;expression \u00ab\u00a0<em>accompagn\u00e9 par des personnes<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb peut englober toute une s\u00e9rie de pratiques. Un \u00e9leveur peut rester en permanence avec le b\u00e9tail. Par exemple, la <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/sappuyer-sur-les-infrastructures-existantes\">ferme slovaque <em>Milko<\/em> Ltd.<\/a>    a un \u00e9leveur \u00e0 plein temps. Le grand troupeau de <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/ovins-caprins-et-bovins-biologiques\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a> est toujours sous la surveillance stricte de bergers. Les d\u00e9placements continus ou le risque d&rsquo;attaques de pr\u00e9dateurs peuvent rendre cette surveillance permanente n\u00e9cessaire. Le b\u00e9tail peut n&rsquo;\u00eatre surveill\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une partie du temps. Par exemple, les ch\u00e8vres de <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/tradition-et-innovatio\"><em>Kathrin Aslakby<\/em><\/a> broutent les alpages sans \u00eatre accompagn\u00e9es par un berger. <em>Kathrin Aslakby<\/em> trait les ch\u00e8vres \u00e0 la ferme saisonni\u00e8re, transforme le lait et s&rsquo;occupe des animaux.   Enfin, un \u00e9leveur ne peut accompagner le b\u00e9tail que lorsqu&rsquo;il se d\u00e9place dans les p\u00e2turages cl\u00f4tur\u00e9s. Pour le projet TRANSFARM, ce s\u00e9jour avec le b\u00e9tail est trop court pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme <em>accompagn\u00e9 par des personnes<\/em>. N\u00e9anmoins, nous avons inclus des \u00e9tudes de cas o\u00f9 les bergers ne restent que peu de temps avec le b\u00e9tail ; par exemple, dans le cas du p<a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/gestion-de-la-biodiversite-dans-les-parcs-nationaux\">\u00e2turage des parcs nationaux en Hongrie<\/a> et du <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/les-moutons-travaillent-pour-que-linfrastructure-fonctionne\">p\u00e2turage des digues en Allemagne<\/a>.   Ces \u00e9tudes de cas montrent qu&rsquo;il existe une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de pratiques et que ce qui est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme de la transhumance est une question de d\u00e9finition.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb9fcc9 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"bb9fcc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-04_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bb9fcc9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Les estives dans les Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. Photo de Pierre Pujos\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTc5NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIxLTA0X1Bob3RvLVBpZXJyZS1QdWpvcy1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiYmI5ZmNjOSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-04_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1658\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ES_2_Photo-Pablo-Resco.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bb9fcc9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Un troupeau de moutons avec des chiens de garde et un berger discutant avec les citoyens de Madrid. Photo de Pablo Resco\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTc0MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRVNfMl9QaG90by1QYWJsby1SZXNjby5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJiYjlmY2M5In0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ES_2_Photo-Pablo-Resco.jpg\" data-width=\"2048\" data-height=\"1536\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b161f25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b161f25\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-261eb03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"261eb03\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d53e2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d53e2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'importance de la transhumance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7aa051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7aa051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biens et services<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7bc3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a7bc3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La transhumance fournit une gamme de biens et de services. Les produits tels que le lait et la viande peuvent \u00eatre consomm\u00e9s directement, vendus pour \u00eatre transform\u00e9s ou transform\u00e9s par un praticien. Par exemple, l&rsquo;agriculteur grec <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/ovins-caprins-et-bovins-biologiques\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a> vend \u00e0 la fois du lait \u00e0 l&rsquo;industrie de transformation et produit son propre fromage.   Les produits tels que la fourrure et la laine n\u00e9cessitent toujours une transformation. <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/lexperience-en-pratique\"><em>La Maison de la Transhumance<\/em> fran\u00e7aise<\/a> coop\u00e8re avec des usines en Italie et en Allemagne qui transforment la laine de mouton en v\u00eatements de randonn\u00e9e.  La laine a \u00e9t\u00e9 un produit important dans le pass\u00e9. Cependant, elle a actuellement perdu de sa valeur. <a href=\"https:\/\/transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Wool-factsheet-online-version.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La fiche d&rsquo;information <\/a> sur la laine de mouton fournit de plus amples informations sur la laine et son utilisation potentielle.  Outre la production de nourriture, la transhumance pr\u00e9serve la biodiversit\u00e9 et les paysages attrayants. Par exemple, les ch\u00e8vres <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/cooperation-dans-la-transhumance\"><em>M\u00e1ria Iv\u00e1n Tam\u00e1\u0161<\/em><\/a> contribuent \u00e0 pr\u00e9server le paysage d&rsquo;un parc national slovaque et ses esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales prot\u00e9g\u00e9es.  Le p\u00e2turage de races end\u00e9miques dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/gestion-de-la-biodiversite-dans-les-parcs-nationaux\">parcs nationaux hongrois<\/a> contribue \u00e0 la protection des prairies biodiversifi\u00e9es et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des races traditionnelles. Un service sp\u00e9cifique de la transhumance est la pr\u00e9vention des incendies. Le p\u00e2turage du b\u00e9tail r\u00e9duit la quantit\u00e9 de plantes ligneuses, ce qui signifie qu&rsquo;il y a moins de combustible disponible pour d&rsquo;\u00e9ventuels incendies de for\u00eat. Enfin, les praticiens de la transhumance ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 ou maintenu des connaissances traditionnelles sur l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources locales. La laiti\u00e8re norv\u00e9gienne <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/tradition-et-education\"><em>Katharina Sparstad<\/em><\/a> est particuli\u00e8rement soucieuse de maintenir ces connaissances vivantes et de les communiquer, par exemple, aux \u00e9coliers.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7c05cf elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"f7c05cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_5_by-private-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"f7c05cf\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La laiti\u00e8re. Photo par un particulier\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDI0OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wOVwvTk8wMV9QaG90b181X2J5LXByaXZhdGUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImY3YzA1Y2YifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_5_by-private-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1440\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DE1_4_Photo-Oliver-Post.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"f7c05cf\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Le p\u00e2turage des ch\u00e8vres r\u00e9duit les arbustes. Photo de Oliver Post\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTY0MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvREUxXzRfUGhvdG8tT2xpdmVyLVBvc3QuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiZjdjMDVjZiJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DE1_4_Photo-Oliver-Post.jpg\" data-width=\"683\" data-height=\"1024\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f877f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49f877f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raisons pour lesquelles les praticiens commencent et poursuivent la transhumance<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b987e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b987e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les raisons pour lesquelles les praticiens commencent et continuent la transhumance sont multiples, et un praticien peut avoir plusieurs raisons. L&rsquo;\u00e9conomie en est une, par exemple pour l&rsquo;agriculteur grec <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/des-traditions-a-grande-echelle\"><em>Ioannes Dekolis<\/em><\/a>.  Le troupeau de l&rsquo;\u00e9leveur fran\u00e7ais <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/a-pied-en-haute-montagne\"><em>Pierre Pujos<\/em><\/a> peut se nourrir des ressources pastorales disponibles au cours de ses trois semaines de d\u00e9placement. Les praticiens peuvent tirer des revenus de la vente de produits et de services, de programmes de soutien ou de salaires. Les prix \u00e9lev\u00e9s des p\u00e2turages proches de l&rsquo;exploitation peuvent constituer une autre motivation \u00e9conomique pour pratiquer la transhumance. Par exemple, l&rsquo;agriculteur allemand <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/prendre-de-nouvelles-voies\">Herbert Fleck<\/a> fait pa\u00eetre une grande partie de son jeune b\u00e9tail dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/revitaliser-les-paysages-oublies\">p\u00e2turages de la <em>Fondation Adelegg.<\/em><\/a>   Le prix \u00e9lev\u00e9 des baux et la p\u00e9nurie de terres dans sa r\u00e9gion rendent cette coop\u00e9ration n\u00e9cessaire. La transhumance exige une connaissance approfondie des processus naturels. Les praticiens peuvent \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le fait que leur mode de production alimentaire est proche de la nature et utilise les ressources locales et r\u00e9gionales. Leur pratique maintient les traditions et \u00ab\u00a0s&rsquo;adapte\u00a0\u00bb au paysage. Par exemple, la laiti\u00e8re norv\u00e9gienne <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/tradition-et-innovatio\"><em>Kathrin Aslakby<\/em><\/a> se pr\u00e9occupe de la mani\u00e8re dont elle peut utiliser les ressources locales et combiner tradition et innovation dans sa pratique.     Le fa\u00e7onnage du paysage de transhumance, y compris sa biodiversit\u00e9, motive \u00e9galement les praticiens. La transhumance est un mode de vie. Bien que la transhumance soit un travail difficile, le fait que les praticiens la consid\u00e8rent comme un bon mode de vie peut les motiver. Enfin, l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation des praticiens est une raison de pratiquer la transhumance. Par exemple, en France, le <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/lexperience-en-pratique\"><em>Domaine du Merle<\/em><\/a> est un centre de formation des bergers.     Consultez les autres <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\">\u00e9tudes de cas <\/a> pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur les raisons pour lesquelles les praticiens ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de pratiquer la transhumance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcf81ee elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"bcf81ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-05_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bcf81ee\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Activit\u00e9s p\u00e9dagogiques pour les \u00e9coles. Photo de Patrick Fabre\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg4NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIzLTA1X1Bob3RvLWJ5LVBhdHJpY2stRmFicmUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImJjZjgxZWUifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-05_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1707\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure03-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bcf81ee\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Le p\u00e2turage sur les alluvions et les pentes adjacentes contribue \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation du caract\u00e8re de la vall\u00e9e du ruisseau Tur\u0148a. Photo de Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjIxMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDMtU0swM19QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImJjZjgxZWUifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure03-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1668410 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1668410\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3335047 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3335047\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a32fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58a32fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regarder en arri\u00e8re<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5567012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5567012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le d\u00e9but<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f0e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les preuves arch\u00e9ologiques et les documents historiques donnent un aper\u00e7u de la date \u00e0 laquelle la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 pratiqu\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans diff\u00e9rentes parties de l&rsquo;Europe. En effet, les premi\u00e8res traces de transhumance varient d&rsquo;une r\u00e9gion \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre du continent. Dans certaines r\u00e9gions, la transhumance semble avoir \u00e9volu\u00e9 avec l&rsquo;introduction du b\u00e9tail au n\u00e9olithique. Par exemple, l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une forme de transhumance dans les Alpes fran\u00e7aises m\u00e9ridionales a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e par des d\u00e9couvertes arch\u00e9ologiques datant d&rsquo;environ <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/rapport-de-synthese#history\">5 000 ans avant J.-C<\/a>.    Des restes de moutons dans les hautes terres des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es m\u00e9ridionales, datant d&rsquo;environ 7300 ans, attestent \u00e9galement de la pr\u00e9sence des humains du N\u00e9olithique. En Norv\u00e8ge, l&rsquo;agriculture saisonni\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e pour l&rsquo;\u00e2ge du fer (500 av. J.-C. &#8211; 1050), mais il est possible qu&rsquo;elle ait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie plus t\u00f4t. En Slovaquie, la transhumance a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite avec la colonisation valaque dans les ann\u00e9es 1200. Nous ne pouvons pas demander aux anciens agriculteurs o\u00f9 ils ont appris la transhumance ni pourquoi ils l&rsquo;ont pratiqu\u00e9e. Peut-\u00eatre que le d\u00e9placement des animaux entre les p\u00e2turages et la conduite des troupeaux \u00e9taient leur fa\u00e7on \u00ab\u00a0naturelle\u00a0\u00bb de pratiquer l&rsquo;\u00e9levage. Peut-\u00eatre que les p\u00e2turages proches de la ferme ne couvraient pas les besoins du b\u00e9tail tout au long de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e. Certains p\u00e2turages ne pouvaient peut-\u00eatre pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s toute l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e. Peut-\u00eatre que le b\u00e9tail n\u00e9cessitait une surveillance permanente en raison du risque d&rsquo;attaques de pr\u00e9dateurs.       <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56da65a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"56da65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-2_Photo-Silje-Sondmor.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"56da65a\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La ferme saisonni\u00e8re et son paysage environnant. Photo de Silje S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTU0NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvTk8wNC0yX1Bob3RvLVNpbGplLVNvbmRtb3IuanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU2ZGE2NWEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-2_Photo-Silje-Sondmor.jpeg\" data-width=\"1008\" data-height=\"756\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_1_by_Kerstin_Potthoff-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"56da65a\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La ferme d&#039;\u00e9t\u00e9 Olest\u00f8len et le paysage de montagne. Photo de Kerstin Potthoff\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIxNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wOVwvTk8wMV9QaG90b18xX2J5X0tlcnN0aW5fUG90dGhvZmYtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU2ZGE2NWEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_1_by_Kerstin_Potthoff-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54adb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54adb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tendances de d\u00e9veloppement<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd03926 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd03926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tout au long de l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;Europe, l&rsquo;ampleur de la transhumance a connu des hauts et des bas. Les exemples suivants de p\u00e9riodes de croissance montrent que leur calendrier peut varier d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre. En Gr\u00e8ce, de vastes zones de parcours ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es et la transhumance s&rsquo;est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pendant la p\u00e9riode romaine (146 &#8211; 330) et le Moyen ge (334 &#8211; 1453) (Lien vers la section historique dans la version en ligne de la RS). En Espagne, l&rsquo;\u00e9levage du mouton m\u00e9rinos a connu son apog\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin du Moyen ge et au d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re moderne (Moyen ge : 410 &#8211; 1492, \u00e8re moderne : 1492 &#8211; 1814). En Hongrie, la transhumance s&rsquo;est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au XVIIe si\u00e8cle. En France, la transhumance ovine a atteint son apog\u00e9e au d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle. Les p\u00e9riodes de d\u00e9clin varient \u00e9galement d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre. Cependant, le d\u00e9clin de la transhumance depuis la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle s&rsquo;est produit dans tous les pays, malgr\u00e9 l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat r\u00e9cent pour la pratique de la transhumance dans certains pays. Les raisons de tous ces d\u00e9veloppements sont complexes et comprennent des questions aussi diff\u00e9rentes que les changements \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle dans les \u00e9conomies nationales, europ\u00e9ennes et m\u00eame mondiales, le d\u00e9veloppement technologique et les changements soci\u00e9taux. Les d\u00e9cisions politiques concernant la modernisation de l&rsquo;agriculture sont \u00e9galement des facteurs importants. Par exemple, l&rsquo;augmentation de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de la production agricole gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des p\u00e2turages plus productifs et \u00e0 des aliments concentr\u00e9s a r\u00e9duit la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard des grands p\u00e2turages. Les races hautement productives peuvent m\u00eame ne pas \u00eatre en mesure de couvrir leurs besoins en broutant ces p\u00e2turages, car elles ont besoin de plus d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs que n&rsquo;en offrent les p\u00e2turages.           <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7e41 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"59e7e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK02_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"59e7e41\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Paysage pastoral montagneux vallonn\u00e9 et ferme Sala\u0161 Tur\u010dek. Photo de Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjE1OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDEtU0swMl9QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU5ZTdlNDEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK02_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"619\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR03_-01_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"59e7e41\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La ferme d&#039;hiver. Photo de Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTkzMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IwM18tMDFfUGhvdG8tUmFuaWEtRGltb3UuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiNTllN2U0MSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR03_-01_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"480\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbe0590 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbe0590\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Que pouvons-nous apprendre de l'histoire ?<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000b693 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"000b693\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;histoire de la transhumance diff\u00e8re d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre et il est difficile de tirer des conclusions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur ce que l&rsquo;histoire peut nous apprendre. Cependant, au moins deux conclusions simples peuvent \u00eatre tir\u00e9es : 1. Les lois peuvent favoriser ou entraver la transhumance. Des lois telles que la loi wisigothe en Espagne (410), qui garantissait le libre passage des troupeaux sur les routes publiques, ont favoris\u00e9 l&rsquo;essor de la transhumance. En Italie du Nord, l&rsquo;abolition de l&rsquo;ancien droit de libre p\u00e2turage des champs priv\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9colte en 1856 a <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/rapport-de-synthese#history\">remis en question la transhumance<\/a>.     2. L&rsquo;exode rural a entra\u00een\u00e9 un manque de praticiens, comme en Espagne et en Gr\u00e8ce par exemple. La diminution du nombre de praticiens reste l&rsquo;un des principaux d\u00e9fis de la transhumance dans tous les pays inclus dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/rapport-de-synthese\"> projet TRANSFARM.<\/a>   Tout au long de l&rsquo;histoire, les praticiens de la transhumance ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des connaissances approfondies sur l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources locales et r\u00e9gionales. Ils ont fait preuve d&rsquo;une grande cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources naturelles et le d\u00e9veloppement de leurs produits. Cette cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 se refl\u00e8te \u00e9galement dans les \u00e9tudes de cas, par exemple en termes d&rsquo;accueil <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/repartir-a-zero\">des visiteurs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/prendre-de-nouvelles-voies\">de marketing direct<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/cooperation-dans-la-transhumance\">d&rsquo;utilisation des opportunit\u00e9s dans la gestion<\/a> du <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/fr\/etude-de-cas\/lagriculture-et-leducation-en-milieu-urbain\">paysage et d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation dans un environnement urbain<\/a>.   Pour contrer les fortes forces qui conduisent au d\u00e9clin actuel de la transhumance, cette cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 combin\u00e9e \u00e0 un soutien soci\u00e9tal et gouvernemental est peut-\u00eatre la cl\u00e9 du succ\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cd892d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"6cd892d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_05_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6cd892d\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"P\u00e2turages en montagne. Photo de Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTk2OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IzXzA1X1Bob3RvLVJhbmlhLURpbW91LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjZDg5MmQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_05_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-width=\"2048\" data-height=\"1536\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-01_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6cd892d\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Mouton M\u00e9rinos d&#039;Arles dans la plaine de la Crau. Photo de Patrick Fabre\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg1OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIzLTAxX1Bob3RvLWJ5LVBhdHJpY2stRmFicmUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjZDg5MmQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-01_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1696\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8563bf6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8563bf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ab8aae elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ab8aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a72296c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a72296c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d5c2bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d5c2bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944d631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"944d631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litt\u00e9rature recommand\u00e9e<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07bc515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07bc515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bele, B., Nielsen, V.K.S., Orejas, A., Ron, J.A. 2021. <em>Intangible cultural heritage of transhumance landscapes<\/em>: their roles and values \u2013 examples from Norway, France and Spain. Transhumance. Papers from the International Association of Landscape Archaeology Conference, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018.  <\/p>\n<p>Bindi, L. (ed.) 2022. <em>Grazing Communities. Pastoralism on the Move and Biocultural Heritage Frictions <\/em>.<br \/>\nDOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/9781800734753\">doi.org\/10.3167\/9781800734753<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Collis, J. R., Pearce, M., Nicolis, F. (eds.) 2016: <em>Summer Farms: Seasonal Exploitation of the Uplands from Prehistory to the Present<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Liechti, K., Biber, J. P. 2016: Pastoralism in Europe: characteristics and challenges of highland\u2013lowland transhumance. <em>Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties<\/em> 35-2. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.35.2.2541\">doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.35.2.2541<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Oteros-Rozas, E., Ontillera-S\u00e1nchez, R., Sanosa, P., G\u00f3mez-Baggethun, E. Reyes-Garcia, V. Gonz\u00e1lez, J. A. 2013. Traditional ecolocial knowledge among transhumant pastoralists in Mediterranean Spain. <em>Ecology &amp; Society<\/em> 18-3. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-05597-180333\">doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-05597-180333<\/a>  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77644de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77644de\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba47f32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba47f32\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c454d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c454d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Questionnaire d'auto-\u00e9valuation<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b0d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"631b0d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-9\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"9\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Quiz FR\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f08d80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f08d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Questions d'autor\u00e9flexion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7922f3 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"e7922f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Dans quelle mesure la pratique que vous envisagez de mettre en \u0153uvre ou que vous connaissez se retrouve-t-elle dans la description des pratiques de transhumance ? <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Quelles sont les similitudes ?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Quelles sont les diff\u00e9rences ?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Pourquoi pensez-vous que la transhumance est importante ?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Quels sont les avantages de la transhumance ?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Pour se d\u00e9velopper au XXIe si\u00e8cle, de quel type de soutien la transhumance a-t-elle besoin selon vous ?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Module 1 Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la transhumance ? Accueil > Ressources de formation > T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF Contenu Dans le cadre du projet TRANSFARM, nous d\u00e9finissons la transhumance comme un d\u00e9placement saisonnier du b\u00e9tail sur de longues distances. Si vous pratiquez la transhumance, si vous envisagez de le faire ou si vous vous int\u00e9ressez \u00e0 la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7896","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>MODULE 1. Qu&#039;est-ce que la transhumance ? - Transfarm Training Platform<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/module-1-what-is-transhumance\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MODULE 1. Qu&#039;est-ce que la transhumance ? - Transfarm Training Platform\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Module 1 Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la transhumance ? Accueil &gt; Ressources de formation &gt; T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF Contenu Dans le cadre du projet TRANSFARM, nous d\u00e9finissons la transhumance comme un d\u00e9placement saisonnier du b\u00e9tail sur de longues distances. 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