{"id":7758,"date":"2024-02-20T09:07:27","date_gmt":"2024-02-20T09:07:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/modul-1-hva-er-transhumans"},"modified":"2024-06-24T06:27:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T06:27:29","slug":"modul-1-hva-er-transhumans","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/modul-1-hva-er-transhumans","title":{"rendered":"MODUL 1. Hva er transhumans"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7758\" class=\"elementor elementor-7758 elementor-6877\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/9_urban-transhumance_FR-Paris_La-bergerie-urbaine-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e7fef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77e7fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8218e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8218e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca7c0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca7c0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 1<\/h6>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efc8551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efc8551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hva er transhumans<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-362b062 e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"362b062\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f926444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f926444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/home\">Hjem<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925e6ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"925e6ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7560ba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7560ba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/training-resources\">Oppl\u00e6ringsressurser<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48dbdb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48dbdb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c16f19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c16f19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428bc21 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"428bc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/transfarm-training-module-1-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Last ned pdf<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31768a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d31768a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b66af3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b66af3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3764953 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3764953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:70,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:55,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#FFFFFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea95914 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ea95914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;vh&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnhold\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ea95914\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54933f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54933f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9d9c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9d9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8198872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8198872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I TRANSFARM-prosjektet definerer vi transhumans som en <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/e-referansebok\">sesongbasert forflytning<\/a> av husdyr over lengre avstander. Hvis du praktiserer transhumans, planlegger \u00e5 gj\u00f8re det, eller er interessert i transhumans, er din praksis eller interesse en del av den europeiske natur- og kulturarven! Denne oppl\u00e6ringsmodulen gir innsikt i ulike m\u00e5ter \u00e5 praktisere transhumans i et utvalg av europeiske land. Modul 1 tar for seg ulike m\u00e5ter \u00e5 ut\u00f8ve transhumans, betydningen av transhumans og dens historie.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2980ea2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2980ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:409,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnhold\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2980ea2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5f8a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5f8a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ulike m\u00e5ter \u00e5 ut\u00f8ve transhumans<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3144529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3144529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mobilitet<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81867b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e81867b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mobilitet er et sentralt tema i transhumans. Forflytningen starter fra en g\u00e5rd der husdyrene vanligvis oppholder seg om vinteren, i fj\u00f8set eller ute. Om v\u00e5ren eller sommeren flyttes de til beitemarker et stykke unna g\u00e5rden. Om h\u00f8sten eller vinteren kommer husdyrene tilbake til g\u00e5rden. Avhengig av avstanden mellom g\u00e5rden og beitemarkene varierer varigheten av forflytningen. Den norske budeia <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/tradisjon-og-utdanning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Katharina Sparstad<\/em><\/a> bruker omtrent 2,5 timer p\u00e5 \u00e5 g\u00e5 til sommerbeite med dyra.      Den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/forvalte-fjell-med-hoyt-biologisk-mangfold\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rania Dimou<\/em><\/a> bruker omtrent 6 timer. Noen transhumansut\u00f8vere forflytter buskapen kontinuerlig gjennom hele eller deler av beitesesongen. Den franske bonden <em>Pierre Pujos<\/em> forflytter for eksempel dyrene sine i l\u00f8pet av tre uker fra g\u00e5rden sin p\u00e5 kornsletten i <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/til-fots-til-hoyfjellet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">s\u00f8rvest-Frankrike til Pyreneene<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb32f4 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"dbb32f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-03_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"dbb32f4\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"P\u00e5 vei til fjellet. Foto: Pierre Pujos\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTc5MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIxLTAzX1Bob3RvLVBpZXJyZS1QdWpvcy1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiZGJiMzJmNCJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-03_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-768x548.jpg\" data-width=\"768\" data-height=\"548\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_03_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"dbb32f4\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Husdyr forflyttes. Foto: Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTk1NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IzXzAzX1Bob3RvLVJhbmlhLURpbW91LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImRiYjMyZjQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_03_Photo-Rania-Dimou-768x576.jpg\" data-width=\"768\" data-height=\"576\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86e817f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86e817f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e5 g\u00e5rden som eies av den slovakiske <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/egnet-for-regionen\"><em>Sala\u0161 Tur\u010dek<\/em> Agrotrade Group<\/a>, forflyttes husdyrene kontinuerlig mellom beiteomr\u00e5der gjennom hele beitesesongen. Med innf\u00f8ringen av moderne transportmidler har antallet husdyr som forflyttes til fots g\u00e5tt ned. \u00c5 transportere buskapen med lastebil eller tilhenger sparer tid og reduserer faren for ulykker, men det medf\u00f8rer ogs\u00e5 utgifter til kj\u00f8ret\u00f8y og drivstoff. Den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/sau-geiter-og-storfe\"><em>Demetrios Tsatsos<\/em><\/a> forflytter buskapen sin til fjells med kj\u00f8ret\u00f8y, og til fots tilbake til g\u00e5rden.   P\u00e5 den m\u00e5ten reduserer han utgiftene. <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/sammendragsrapport\">Sammendragsrapporten <\/a> og de <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/national-reports\">nasjonale rapportene<\/a> gir mer informasjon om det store mangfoldet av forflytningsm\u00f8nstre. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bacdc78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bacdc78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Husdyr<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d661620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d661620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De vanligste husdyrtypene for transhumans er sau, geit og storfe, men ogs\u00e5 andre typer husdyr blir brukt. For eksempel beiter hester i <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/forvaltning-av-biologisk-mangfold-i-nasjonalparker\">ungarske nasjonalparker<\/a>, og esler transporterer <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/40-ar-med-transhumans\"> nyf\u00f8dte lam i Italia<\/a>.   Mange transhumansut\u00f8vere bruker tradisjonelle lokale eller regionale husdyrraser p\u00e5 grunn av deres spesielle egenskaper. For eksempel er <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/til-fots-til-hoyfjellet\">Tarasconnaise-sauen robust<\/a>.  Den tradisjonelle valakiske sauerasen er hardf\u00f8r og beveger seg lett i ulendt terreng, mens den franske Lacaune-sauen produserer mer melk og kan <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/egnet-for-regionen\">melkes med melkemaskin<\/a>. Dvs. husdyrrase og type, mengde og kvalitet p\u00e5 produkt(ene) en transhumansut\u00f8ver kan levere henger tett sammen. Beslutningen om \u00e5 produsere et spesielt produkt eller \u00e5 endre produksjonen kan f\u00f8re til at husdyrrasen m\u00e5 byttes. For eksempel planlegger den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/sau-geiter-og-storfe\"><em>Demetrios Tsatsos<\/em><\/a>, som leverer melk til foredlingsindustrien, \u00e5 bytte ut sine lokale saue- og geiteraser med mer produktive raser.   Den norske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/transhumans-og-turisme\"><em>Simen L\u00f8ken<\/em><\/a> \u00f8nsker \u00e5 pr\u00f8ve \u00e5 foredle en del av kumelken han produserer. Derfor kan han komme til \u00e5 \u00f8ke antall kyr av den tradisjonelle rasen d\u00f8lafe, som produserer melk med spesielt gode ysteegenskaper. Det er stor variasjon i hvor mange dyr som er involvert i transhumans. Noen transhumansut\u00f8vere har noen f\u00e5 dyr, mens andre har flere tusen. Den norske budeia <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/ny-start\"><em>Sina Joten S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r<\/em><\/a> har 3 melkekyr og noen geitekillinger til selskap.    Den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/okologiske-sauer-geiter-og-storfe\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a> har 3000 sauer, 50 geiter og 200 storfe.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d59ecb elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3d59ecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/picture03_IT03_Photo-Marianna-Fabbrizioli.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3d59ecb\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Nyf\u00f8dte lam i sekkene. Foto: Marianna Fabbrizioli\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjEwOSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvcGljdHVyZTAzX0lUMDNfUGhvdG8tTWFyaWFubmEtRmFiYnJpemlvbGkuanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNkNTllY2IifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/picture03_IT03_Photo-Marianna-Fabbrizioli.jpeg\" data-width=\"1024\" data-height=\"768\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-6_Photo-Sina-Joten-Sondmor-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3d59ecb\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fj\u00f8set. Foto: Sina Joten S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTU3NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvTk8wNC02X1Bob3RvLVNpbmEtSm90ZW4tU29uZG1vci1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiM2Q1OWVjYiJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-6_Photo-Sina-Joten-Sondmor-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"1920\" data-height=\"2560\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54f559f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54f559f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vertikalt, horisontalt og urbant<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5ebd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f5ebd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I utgangspunktet kan transhumans v\u00e6re enten vertikal eller horisontal. <strong>Vertikal <\/strong> transhumans betyr at buskapen forflyttes eller transporteres mellom lavlandet og h\u00f8ylandet. Vanligvis oppholder buskapen seg i h\u00f8ylandet eller p\u00e5 fjellet om sommeren. De h\u00f8yereliggende omr\u00e5dene har t\u00f8ffere klimatiske forhold og har beite bare om sommeren. Husdyrene til den \u00f8sterrikske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/et-uvanlig-flyttemonster\"><em>Hans K\u00fcng<\/em><\/a> oppholder seg imidlertid i fjellet om vinteren og sommeren, mens de beiter i lavereliggende omr\u00e5der om v\u00e5ren og h\u00f8sten. <strong>Horisontal <\/strong> transhumans betyr at husdyrene forflytter seg uten store h\u00f8ydeendringer.    Den slovakiske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/samarbeid-i-transhumans\"><em>M\u00e1ria Iv\u00e1n Tam\u00e1\u0161<\/em><\/a> praktiserer en slik form for transhumans med geiteflokken sin. <strong>Urban <\/strong> transhumans utnytter beiteressursene i urbane og byn\u00e6re omr\u00e5der. Den franske foreningen <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/jordbruk-og-utdanning-i-urbane-omrader\"><em>Bergeries en ville<\/em><\/a> praktiserer urban transhumans i Paris&#8217; storbyomr\u00e5de. Husdyrene beiter for eksempel i offentlige parker, p\u00e5 plener og brakkmark. \u00c5 kategorisere transhumans i vertikal, horisontal og urban transhumans gir en bedre forst\u00e5else av variasjonen i transhumanspraksisen. I det virkelige livet kan imidlertid praksisene passe i mer enn \u00e9n kategori. For eksempel forflytter det spanske kooperativet <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/et-kooperativ-som-praktiserer-transhumans\"><em>Los Apisquillos<\/em><\/a> husdyrene sine mellom beitemarkene i n\u00e6rheten av g\u00e5rden som ligger nord for Madrid.    Siden buskapen ikke forflytter seg over store h\u00f8yder, er forflytningen horisontal. Kooperativet flytter husdyrene sine imidlertid ogs\u00e5 til Casa de Campo Park i Madrid. Denne forflytningen skjer over en betydelig h\u00f8ydeforskjell \u2013 vertikal transhumans. Kooperativet benytter seg ogs\u00e5 av beiteressurser i en by \u2013 urban transhumans<em>. <\/em> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3246eca elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3246eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR01_01_Photo-Ioannis-Dekolis.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Husdyr p\u00e5 fjellbeite. Foto: Ioannis Dekolis\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTkwMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IwMV8wMV9QaG90by1Jb2FubmlzLURla29saXMuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMzI0NmVjYSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR01_01_Photo-Ioannis-Dekolis.jpg\" data-width=\"1800\" data-height=\"875\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Beitemarker i Tur\u0148adalen omgitt av Silicaplat\u00e5et. Foto: Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjE5OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDEtU0swM19QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjMyNDZlY2EifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR2-04_Photo-Julie-Martin.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3246eca\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Beite p\u00e5 Saint-Philippe de Meudon \u00f8kologisk campus. Foto: Julie Martin\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg0NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIyLTA0X1Bob3RvLUp1bGllLU1hcnRpbi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzMjQ2ZWNhIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR2-04_Photo-Julie-Martin.jpg\" data-width=\"960\" data-height=\"1280\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ed4ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8ed4ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tilstedev\u00e6relse av mennesker<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c02709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c02709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For \u00e5 regnes som transhumans i TRANSFARM-prosjektet m\u00e5 husdyrene v\u00e6re ledsaget av mennesker. Betydningen av \u00e5 v\u00e6re <em>ledsaget av mennesker<\/em> kan imidlertid omfatte en rekke ulike praksiser. En gjeter kan v\u00e6re sammen med buskapen hele tiden. For eksempel har den slovakiske <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/bygge-videre-pa-eksisterende-infrastruktur\">g\u00e5rden <em>Milko <\/em> Ltd<\/a>.    en heltidsansatt gjeter. <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/okologiske-sauer-geiter-og-storfe\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a>&#8216; store dyreflokk er alltid under oppsyn av gjetere. Kontinuerlig bevegelse eller risiko for rovdyrangrep kan gj\u00f8re et slikt permanent tilsyn n\u00f8dvendig. Husdyrene kan ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6re under tilsyn bare deler av tiden. <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/tradisjon-og-innovasjon\"><em>Kathrin Aslakbys<\/em><\/a> geiter beiter for eksempel p\u00e5 fjellbeite uten \u00e5 bli fulgt av en gjeter. <em>Kathrin Aslakby<\/em> melker geitene p\u00e5 setra, foredler melken og tar seg av dyrene.   En gjeter kan ogs\u00e5 f\u00f8lge dyrene bare n\u00e5r de forflyttes mellom inngjerdede beitemarker. For TRANSFARM-prosjektet er dette oppholdet sammen med buskapen for kort til \u00e5 ansees som <em>ledsaget av mennesker<\/em>. Vi har likevel inkludert casestudier der gjetere bare oppholder seg kort tid sammen med buskapen, f.eks. i forbindelse med <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/forvaltning-av-biologisk-mangfold-i-nasjonalparker\">beiting av nasjonalparker i Ungarn<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/sau-jobber-for-a-holde-infrastruktur-i-hevd\">beiting av diker i Tyskland<\/a>.   Disse casestudiene understreker at det finnes en rekke ulike praksiser, og at det er et definisjonssp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l hva som regnes som transhumans.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb9fcc9 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"bb9fcc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-04_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bb9fcc9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sommerbeite i Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. Foto: Pierre Pujos\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTgwMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIxLTA0X1Bob3RvLVBpZXJyZS1QdWpvcy1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiYmI5ZmNjOSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR1-04_Photo-Pierre-Pujos-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1658\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ES_2_Photo-Pablo-Resco.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bb9fcc9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"En saueflokk med gjeterhund og gjeter som snakker med innbyggere i Madrid. Foto: Pablo Resco\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTc0NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRVNfMl9QaG90by1QYWJsby1SZXNjby5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJiYjlmY2M5In0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ES_2_Photo-Pablo-Resco.jpg\" data-width=\"2048\" data-height=\"1536\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b161f25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b161f25\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-261eb03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"261eb03\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d53e2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d53e2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betydningen av transhumans<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7aa051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7aa051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Produkter og tjenester<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7bc3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a7bc3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transhumans tilbyr en rekke produkter og tjenester. Produkter som melk og kj\u00f8tt kan konsumeres direkte, selges for videreforedling eller foredles av en transhumansut\u00f8ver. Den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/okologiske-sauer-geiter-og-storfe\"><em>Ioannis Anthoulis<\/em><\/a> selger for eksempel melk til foredlingsindustrien, og foredler den selv til ost.   Produkter som pels og ull krever alltid bearbeiding. Den <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/eksperimenter-i-praksis\">franske <em>Maison de la Transhumance<\/em><\/a> samarbeider med fabrikker i Italia og Tyskland som lager turkl\u00e6r av saueull.  Ull har tidligere v\u00e6rt et viktig produkt. I dag har den imidlertid mistet verdi. <a href=\"https:\/\/transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/wool-factsheet-online-version-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Faktaarket <\/a> om ull gir mer informasjon om ull og dens potensielle bruksomr\u00e5der.  I tillegg til \u00e5 produsere mat, bevarer transhumans biologisk mangfold og attraktive landskap. <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/samarbeid-i-transhumans\"><em>M\u00e1ria Iv\u00e1n Tam\u00e1\u0161<\/em><\/a> geiter bidrar f.eks. til \u00e5 skj\u00f8tte landskapet i en slovakisk nasjonalpark og dens vernede plantearter.  Beiting av <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/forvaltning-av-biologisk-mangfold-i-nasjonalparker\">ungarske nasjonalparker<\/a> med endemiske husdyrraser bidrar til \u00e5 bevare gressletter med h\u00f8yt biologisk mangfold i tillegg til det genetiske mangfoldet av tradisjonelle husdyrraser. Transhumans bidrar ogs\u00e5 til brannforebygging. Beiting av husdyr reduserer mengden treaktig plantemateriale, noe som betyr mindre tilgjengelig brensel for potensielle skogbranner. Til slutt er transhumans rik p\u00e5 tradisjonell kunnskap om hvordan man bruker lokale ressurser. Den norske budeia <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/tradisjon-og-utdanning\"><em>Katharina Sparstad<\/em><\/a> er spesielt opptatt av \u00e5 holde denne kunnskapen levende og formidle den til for eksempel skolebarn.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7c05cf elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"f7c05cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_5_by-private-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"f7c05cf\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Budeia. Foto av privat\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDI1MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wOVwvTk8wMV9QaG90b181X2J5LXByaXZhdGUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImY3YzA1Y2YifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_5_by-private-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1440\" aria-label=\"NO01_Photo_5_by private\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DE1_4_Photo-Oliver-Post.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"f7c05cf\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Geitebeite reduserer busker. Foto: Oliver Post\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTY0OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvREUxXzRfUGhvdG8tT2xpdmVyLVBvc3QuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiZjdjMDVjZiJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DE1_4_Photo-Oliver-Post.jpg\" data-width=\"683\" data-height=\"1024\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f877f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49f877f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transhumans\u00f8vernes grunner til \u00e5 starte og fortsette med transhumans<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b987e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b987e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c5rsakene til at transhumansut\u00f8vere starter og fortsetter med transhumans er mange, og en ut\u00f8ver kan ha flere grunner. \u00d8konomi er \u00e9n grunn til \u00e5 praktisere transhumans, for eksempel for den greske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/storre-skala-produksjon-med-utgangspunkt-i-tradisjoner\"><em>Ioannes Dekolis<\/em><\/a>.  Flokken til den franske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/til-fots-til-hoyfjellet\"><em>Pierre Pujos<\/em><\/a> kan bruke beiteressursene som er tilgjengelige gjennom den tre ukers lange vandringen. Dermed sparer bonden beiteressurser p\u00e5 g\u00e5rden og p\u00e5 sommerbeitet. Transhumansut\u00f8vere kan f\u00e5 inntekt fra salg av produkter og tjenester, st\u00f8tteordninger eller l\u00f8nn. H\u00f8ye priser p\u00e5 beite i n\u00e6rheten av g\u00e5rden kan v\u00e6re en annen \u00f8konomisk motivasjon for \u00e5 praktisere transhumans. Den tyske bonden <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/a-ga-nye-veier\">Herbert Fleck<\/a> lar f.eks. en betydelig del av ungdyrene sine beite p\u00e5 <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/gjenopplive-glemte-landskap\"><em>Adelegg-stiftelsens<\/em> beitemarker<\/a>.   H\u00f8ye leiepriser og mangel p\u00e5 jord i hans region gj\u00f8r dette samarbeidet n\u00f8dvendig. Transhumans krever en dyp forst\u00e5else av naturlige prosesser. Transhumansut\u00f8vere kan v\u00e6re motivert av at deres m\u00e5te \u00e5 produsere mat er naturn\u00e6r, og at de bruker lokale og regionale ressurser. Praksisen deres opprettholder tradisjoner og \u2018passer\u2019 til landskapet. F.eks.er den norske budeia <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/tradisjon-og-innovasjon\"><em>Kathrin Aslakby<\/em><\/a> opptatt av hvordan hun kan bruke lokale ressurser og kombinere tradisjon og innovasjon i sin praksis.     \u00c5 skape et transhumanslandskap med dets biologiske mangfold er ogs\u00e5 en motivasjon for transhumansut\u00f8vere. Transhumans er en livsstil. Selv om transhumans er hardt arbeid kan ut\u00f8vere motiveres av at transhumans oppleves som en god m\u00e5te \u00e5 leve p\u00e5. Dessuten er \u00e5 utdanne transhumansut\u00f8vere en grunn til \u00e5 praktisere transhumans. F.eks. er <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/eksperimenter-i-praksis\"><em>Domaine du Merle<\/em><\/a> et senter for oppl\u00e6ring av gjetere.     Se de andre <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\">casestudiene <\/a> for mer informasjon om hvorfor transhumansut\u00f8vere bestemte seg for \u00e5 praktisere transhumans.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcf81ee elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"bcf81ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-05_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bcf81ee\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Utdanningsaktiviteter for skoler. Foto: Patrick Fabre\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg5MSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIzLTA1X1Bob3RvLWJ5LVBhdHJpY2stRmFicmUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImJjZjgxZWUifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-05_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1707\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure03-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"bcf81ee\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Beite p\u00e5 alluvium og tilst\u00f8tende skr\u00e5ninger bidrar til \u00e5 bevare karakteren til Tur\u0148a Creek-dalen. Foto: Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjIxNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDMtU0swM19QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6ImJjZjgxZWUifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure03-SK03_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1668410 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1668410\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3335047 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3335047\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a32fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58a32fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sect3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tilbakeblikk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5567012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5567012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Begynnelsen<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f0e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arkeologiske funn og historiske dokumenter gir et innblikk i n\u00e5r transhumans f\u00f8rst ble praktisert i ulike deler av Europa. Tidlige forekomster av transhumans varierer over hele Europa. I noen omr\u00e5der ser det ut til at transhumans utviklet seg med introduksjonen av husdyr i yngre steinalder. F.eks. er det gjort arkeologiske funn i de s\u00f8rfranske Alpene som viser at det fantes en form for transhumans <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/sammendragsrapport#history\">rundt 5000 f.Kr.<\/a>    Funn av sauerester i h\u00f8ylandet i de s\u00f8rlige Pyreneene, som er ca. 7300 \u00e5r gamle, beviser ogs\u00e5 tilstedev\u00e6relse av tidlige neolitiske menneskegrupper. I Norge er seterdrift dokumentert fra jernalderen (500 f.Kr. \u2013 1050 e.Kr.), men det kan ha blitt etablert tidligere. I Slovakia ble transhumans introdusert med den valakiske koloniseringen s\u00e5 sent som p\u00e5 1200-tallet. Vi vet ikke hvor de tidligste b\u00f8ndene fikk sin kunnskap om transhumans fra, eller hvorfor de praktiserte det. Kanskje var det \u00e5 flytte dyrene mellom beitemarkene og gjete dem en \u2018naturlig\u2019 m\u00e5te \u00e5 drive husdyrhold p\u00e5. Kanskje dekket ikke beitemarkene i n\u00e6rheten av g\u00e5rden husdyrenes behov gjennom hele \u00e5ret. Kanskje noen beiter ikke kunne brukes gjennom hele \u00e5ret. Kanskje krevde husdyrene kontinuerlig tilsyn p\u00e5 grunn av risikoen for rovdyrangrep.       <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56da65a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"56da65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-2_Photo-Silje-Sondmor.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"56da65a\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Seteren og landskapet rundt. Foto: Silje S\u00f8ndm\u00f8r\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTU0OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvTk8wNC0yX1Bob3RvLVNpbGplLVNvbmRtb3IuanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU2ZGE2NWEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NO04-2_Photo-Silje-Sondmor.jpeg\" data-width=\"1008\" data-height=\"756\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_1_by_Kerstin_Potthoff-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"56da65a\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Olest\u00f8len og fjellandskapet. Foto: Kerstin Potthoff\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIyMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wOVwvTk8wMV9QaG90b18xX2J5X0tlcnN0aW5fUG90dGhvZmYtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU2ZGE2NWEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NO01_Photo_1_by_Kerstin_Potthoff-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1700\" aria-label=\"NO01_Photo_1_by_Kerstin_Potthoff\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54adb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54adb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utviklingstrender<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd03926 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd03926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gjennom Europas historie har omfanget av transhumans g\u00e5tt opp og ned. De f\u00f8lgende eksemplene p\u00e5 vekstperioder viser at tidspunktet for veksten kunne variere fra land til land. I Hellas ble omfattende beiteomr\u00e5der etablert i romertiden (146 \u2013 330 e.Kr.) og middelalderen (334 \u2013 1453 e.Kr.) og transhumans utviklet seg. Merinosauholdet i Spania hadde sin st\u00f8rste utbredelse i senmiddelalderen og i begynnelsen av moderne tid (middelalder: 410 \u2013 1492 e.Kr., moderne tid: 1492 \u2013 1814). I Ungarn ekspanderte transhumans p\u00e5 1600-tallet. I Frankrike n\u00e5dde saueholdet sitt h\u00f8ydepunkt p\u00e5 begynnelsen av 1800-tallet. Periodene med tilbakegang varierte ogs\u00e5 fra land til land. Nedgangen i transhumans siden andre halvdel av 1900-tallet har imidlertid funnet sted i alle land, til tross for at det i enkelte land har v\u00e6rt en fornyet interesse for \u00e5 praktisere transhumans. \u00c5rsakene til denne utviklingen er sammensatte og omfatter s\u00e5 ulike forhold som omfattende endringer i nasjonale, europeiske og til og med globale \u00f8konomiske forhold, teknologisk utvikling og samfunnsmessige endringer. Politiske beslutninger om hvordan landbruket skal moderniseres er ogs\u00e5 viktige drivkrefter. F.eks. har \u00f8kt effektivitet i landbruksproduksjonen gjennom mer produktive beiter og kraftf\u00f4r redusert avhengigheten av ekstensive beiteomr\u00e5der. H\u00f8ytytende husdyrraser kan mangle evnen til \u00e5 dekke f\u00f4rbehovet sitt ved \u00e5 beite p\u00e5 disse utmarksomr\u00e5dene, siden de trenger mer n\u00e6ringsstoffer enn beitemarkene kan tilby.           <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7e41 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"59e7e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK02_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"59e7e41\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Kupert fjellandskap og g\u00e5rden Sala\u0161 Tur\u010dek. Foto: Martina Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjE2MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRmlndXJlMDEtU0swMl9QaG90by1NYXJ0aW5hLVNsYW1vdmEtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjU5ZTdlNDEifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Figure01-SK02_Photo-Martina-Slamova-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"619\" aria-label=\"AT01_1_Photo_Lorna K\u00fcng\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR03_-01_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"59e7e41\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"G\u00e5rden som blir brukt om vinteren. Foto: Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTkzNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IwM18tMDFfUGhvdG8tUmFuaWEtRGltb3UuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiNTllN2U0MSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR03_-01_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"480\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbe0590 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbe0590\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hva kan vi l\u00e6re av historien?<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000b693 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"000b693\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transhumans sin historie varierer fra land til land, og det er utfordrende \u00e5 trekke generelle konklusjoner om hva historien kan l\u00e6re oss. Det er imidlertid mulig \u00e5 trekke minst to enkle konklusjoner: 1. Lover kan st\u00f8tte eller hemme transhumans. Lover som den vestgotiske loven (410 e.Kr.) i Spania, som garanterte fri forflytning av flokker p\u00e5 offentlige veier, bidro til \u00e5 \u00f8ke transhumans. I Nord-Italia ble transhumans vanskeligere \u00e5 ut\u00f8ve etter at den eldgamle retten til fritt beite p\u00e5 private \u00e5ker etter innh\u00f8stingen <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/sammendragsrapport#history\">ble opphevet i 1856 e.Kr<\/a>.     2. Fraflytting fra rurale omr\u00e5der f\u00f8rer til mangel p\u00e5 transhumansut\u00f8vere. Historien viser at f.eks. b\u00e5de Hellas og Spania har opplevd en fraflytting som har resultert i mangel p\u00e5 transhumansut\u00f8vere. En nedgang i antall ut\u00f8vere er fortsatt en av hovedutfordringene for transhumans i alle landene som er med i <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/sammendragsrapport\">TRANSFARM-prosjektet<\/a>.   Gjennom historien har transhumansut\u00f8vere utviklet omfattende kunnskap om bruk av lokale og regionale ressurser. De har vist stor kreativitet n\u00e5r det gjelder \u00e5 utnytte naturressursene og utvikle produktene sine. Denne kreativiteten gjenspeiles ogs\u00e5 i casestudiene, for eksempel n\u00e5r det gjelder \u00e5 ta <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/ny-start\">imot bes\u00f8kende<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/a-ga-nye-veier\">direkte markedsf\u00f8ring<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/samarbeid-i-transhumans\">utnytte mulighetene i landskapsskj\u00f8tsel <\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/no\/case-studie\/jordbruk-og-utdanning-i-urbane-omrader\">drive formidling i byer<\/a>.   For \u00e5 motvirke de sterke kreftene som driver den n\u00e5v\u00e6rende nedgangen i transhumans, er denne kreativiteten kombinert med st\u00f8tte fra samfunnet og myndighetene kanskje n\u00f8kkelen til suksess.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cd892d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"6cd892d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_05_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6cd892d\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fjellbeite. Foto: Rania Dimou\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTk3MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvR1IzXzA1X1Bob3RvLVJhbmlhLURpbW91LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjZDg5MmQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/GR3_05_Photo-Rania-Dimou.jpg\" data-width=\"2048\" data-height=\"1536\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item\" href=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-01_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6cd892d\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Arles Merino sau p\u00e5 Crau plat\u00e5et. Foto: Patrick Fabre\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg2NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3RyYWluaW5nLnRyYW5zZmFybS1lcmFzbXVzLmV1XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMVwvRlIzLTAxX1Bob3RvLWJ5LVBhdHJpY2stRmFicmUtc2NhbGVkLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjZDg5MmQifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/training.transfarm-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FR3-01_Photo-by-Patrick-Fabre-scaled.jpg\" data-width=\"2560\" data-height=\"1696\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8563bf6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8563bf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ab8aae elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ab8aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a72296c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a72296c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d5c2bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d5c2bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944d631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"944d631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anbefalt litteratur<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07bc515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07bc515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bele, B., Nielsen, V.K.S., Orejas, A., Ron, J.A. 2021. <em>Intangible cultural heritage of transhumance landscapes<\/em>: their roles and values \u2013 examples from Norway, France and Spain. Transhumance. Papers from the International Association of Landscape Archaeology Conference, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018.  <\/p>\n<p>Bindi, L. (ed.) 2022. <em>Grazing Communities. Pastoralism on the Move and Biocultural Heritage Frictions <\/em>. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/9781800734753\">doi.org\/10.3167\/9781800734753<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Collis, J. R., Pearce, M., Nicolis, F. (eds.) 2016: <em>Summer Farms: Seasonal Exploitation of the Uplands from Prehistory to the Present<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Liechti, K., Biber, J. P. 2016: Pastoralism in Europe: characteristics and challenges of highland\u2013lowland transhumance. <em>Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties<\/em> 35-2. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.35.2.2541\">doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.35.2.2541<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Oteros-Rozas, E., Ontillera-S\u00e1nchez, R., Sanosa, P., G\u00f3mez-Baggethun, E. Reyes-Garcia, V. Gonz\u00e1lez, J. A. 2013. Traditional ecolocial knowledge among transhumant pastoralists in Mediterranean Spain. <em>Ecology &amp; Society<\/em> 18-3. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-05597-180333\">doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-05597-180333<\/a>  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77644de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77644de\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba47f32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba47f32\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c454d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c454d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sp\u00f8rreskjema for egenevaluering<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b0d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"631b0d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Quiz NO\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f08d80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f08d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l for selvrefleksjon<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7922f3 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"e7922f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">I hvilken grad gjenspeiles den praksisen du planlegger \u00e5 utf\u00f8re eller kjenner til i beskrivelsen av transhumanspraksisene? <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Hva er likhetene?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Hvor er forskjellene?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Hvorfor tror du transhumans viktig?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Hva er fordelene med transhumans?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Hvilken type st\u00f8tte tror du transhumans trenger for \u00e5 utvikle seg i det 21. \u00e5rhundret?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modul 1 Hva er transhumans Hjem > Oppl\u00e6ringsressurser > Last ned pdf Innhold I TRANSFARM-prosjektet definerer vi transhumans som en sesongbasert forflytning av husdyr over lengre avstander. Hvis du praktiserer transhumans, planlegger \u00e5 gj\u00f8re det, eller er interessert i transhumans, er din praksis eller interesse en del av den europeiske natur- og kulturarven! Denne oppl\u00e6ringsmodulen [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7758","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>MODUL 1. 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